Although cogl_multiply_matrix was consistent with OpenGL, after further
consideration it was agreed that cogl_transform is a better name. Given
that it's in the global cogl_ namespace cogl_transform seems more self
documenting.
This adds an example of how to setup a Clutter style 2D coordinate space
and clarifies what state is owned by a framebuffer. (projection,
modelview, viewport and clip stack)
When we expose more cogl_framebuffer API this example will hopefully be
migrated into a more extensive introduction to using framebuffers.
Previously cogl_set_source and cogl_set_source_texture were in
cogl-material.c and the cogl_set_source_color* funcs were in
cogl-color.c. Originally this was because cogl.c was duplicated between
the GL and GLES backends and we didn't want to add to the amount of
duplicated code, but these files have since been consolidated into one
cogl.c.
Quite often it's desirable to be able to multiply the current modelview
matrix by an arbitrary matrix. Currently though you have to first
explicitly call cogl_get_modelview_matrix to get the current modelview
into a temporary variable, then you need to multiply it with your matrix
using cogl_matrix_multiply and finally use cogl_set_modelview_matrix to
make the result be the new modelview. This new convenience function lets
more efficiently skip the first get and last set steps.
Every now and then someone sees the cogl_enable API and gets confused,
thinking its public API so this renames the symbol to be clear that it's
is an internal only API.
When setting up the state for a layer, we need to switch texture
units before we do anything that might bind the texture, or
we'll bind the wrong texture to the previous unit.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2033
Signed-off-by: Emmanuele Bassi <ebassi@linux.intel.com>
We need to set up the rowstride and alignment properly in
CoglTexture2D before reading texture data.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2036
Signed-off-by: Emmanuele Bassi <ebassi@linux.intel.com>
This makes it more likely consumers notice invalid unreferences.
GObject has the same assertion.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2029
Signed-off-by: Emmanuele Bassi <ebassi@linux.intel.com>
When entering cogl_texture_2d_new_from_bitmap the internal format can
be COGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_ANY. This was causing _cogl_texture_2d_can_create
to use an invalid GL format type. Mesa apparently ignores this but it
was causing errors when Cogl is compiled with debugging under NVidia.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2026
Add a return result from CoglTexture.transform_quad_coords_to_gl(),
so that we can properly determine the nature of repeats in
the face of GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_ARB, where the returned
coordinates are not normalized.
The comment "We also work out whether any of the texture
coordinates are outside the range [0.0,1.0]. We need to do
this after calling transform_coords_to_gl in case the texture
backend is munging the coordinates (such as in the sub texture
backend)." is disregarded and removed, since it's actually
the virtual coordinates that determine whether we repeat,
not the GL coordinates.
Warnings about disregarded layers are used in all cases where
applicable, including for subtextures.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2016
Signed-off-by: Neil Roberts <neil@linux.intel.com>
In _cogl_texture_2d_sliced_foreach_sub_texture_in_region(), don't
assert that the target is GL_TEXTURE_2D; instead conditionalize
normalization on the target.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2015
commit 511e5ceb51 accidentally removed the #ifdef COGL_ENABLE_DEBUG
guards around the "cogl-debug" and "cogl-no-debug" cogl_args[] which
this patch restores.
Just like _cogl_texture_2d_new_with_size(),
_cogl_texture_2d_new_from_bitmap() needs to check if an unsliced
texture can be created at the given size, or if hardware
limitations prevent this.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2014
Signed-off-by: Neil Roberts <neil@linux.intel.com>
cogl_read_pixels() no longer asserts that the format passed in is
RGBA_8888 but instead accepts any format. The appropriate GL enums for
the format are passed to glReadPixels so OpenGL should be perform a
conversion if neccessary.
It currently assumes glReadPixels will always give us premultiplied
data. This will usually be correct because the result of the default
blending operations for Cogl ends up with premultiplied data in the
framebuffer. However it is possible for the framebuffer to be in
whatever format depending on what CoglMaterial is used to render to
it. Eventually we may want to add a way for an application to inform
Cogl that the framebuffer is not premultiplied in case it is being
used for some special purpose.
If the requested format is not premultiplied then Cogl will convert
it. The tests have been changed to read the data as premultiplied so
that they won't be affected by the conversion. Picking in Clutter has
been changed to use COGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_888 because it doesn't need
the alpha component. clutter_stage_read_pixels is left unchanged
because the application can't specify a format for that so it seems to
make most sense to store unpremultiplied values.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1959
Since using addresses that might change is something that finally
the FSF acknowledge as a plausible scenario (after changing address
twice), the license blurb in the source files should use the URI
for getting the license in case the library did not come with it.
Not that URIs cannot possibly change, but at least it's easier to
set up a redirection at the same place.
As a side note: this commit closes the oldes bug in Clutter's bug
report tool.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=521
This adds a COGL_INDICES_TYPE_UNSIGNED_INT enum value so that unsigned
ints can be used with cogl_vertex_buffer_indices_new. Unsigned ints
are not supported in core on GLES so a feature flag has also been
added to advertise this. GLES only sets the feature if the
GL_OES_element_index_uint extension is available. It is an error to
call indices_new() with unsigned ints unless the feature is
advertised.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1998
Previously the GLES2 backend needed a special wrapper for
glBindTexture because it needed to know the internal GL format of the
texture in order to correctly implement the GL_MODULATE texture env
mode. When GL_MODULATE is used then the RGB values are taken from the
previous texture layer rather than being fetched from the
texture. However since the material API was added Cogl no longer uses
the GL_MODULATE texture env mode but instead always uses GL_COMBINE.
Compiling the GLES2 backend broke since the more-texture-backends
branch merge because the cogl_get_internal_gl_format function was
removed and there was one place in GLES2 specific code that was using
this to bind the texture.
The texture layer combine functions are now hard coded to GL_COMBINE
instead of GL_MODULATE. The combine function can be customized with
all the parameters of GL_COMBINE. A shader is generated to implement
the given parameters.
Currently it will try to generate code for the constant color but it
will use a uniform which does not exist.
The GLES2 backend for Cogl is failing to compile because
GL_MAX_TEXTURE_UNITS is not defined. Let's define it and provide a
wrapper which uses GL_MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS or
COGL_GLES2_MAX_TEXTURE_UNITS, whichever is the smallest.
To aid in the debugging of Clutter stage resize issues this adds a
COGL_DEBUG=opengl option that will trace "some select OpenGL calls"
(currently just glViewport calls)
Most Cogl debugging code conditions are marked as G_UNLIKELY with the
intention of having the CPU branch prediction always assume the
path is disabled so having debugging support in release binaries has
negligible overhead.
This patch simply fixes a few cases where we weren't using G_UNLIKELY.
COGL_DEBUG=all wasn't previously useful as there are several options
that change the behaviour of Cogl and all together wouldn't help anyone
debug anything.
This patch makes it so COGL_DEBUG=all|verbose now only enables options
that don't change the behaviour of Cogl, i.e. they only affect the
amount of noise we'll print to a terminal.
In addition to that this patch also improves the output from
COGL_DEBUG=help so we now print a table of options including one liner
descriptions of what each option enables.
We now never query the width and height of the given texture object
from OpenGL. The problem is that the user may be creating a Cogl
texture from a texture_from_pixmap object where glTexImage2D was
never called and the texture_from_pixmap spec doesn't clarify that
it's reliable to query the width from OpenGL.
This should address:
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1502
Thanks to Johan Bilien for reporting
The size and position of the window rectangle for clipping in
try_pushing_rect_as_window_rect is calculated by projecting the
rectangle coordinates. Due to rounding errors, this can end up with
slightly off numbers like 34.999999. These were then being cast
directly to an integer so it could end up off by one.
This uses a new macro called COGL_UTIL_NEARBYINT which is a
replacement for the C99 nearbyint function.
If FBOs aren't supported then it will end up very slow to reorganize
the atlas. Also currently the CoglTexture2D backend will refuse to
create any textures anyway so the full atlas texture won't be created.
cogl_texture_2d_new may fail in certain circumstances so
cogl_atlas_texture_reserve_space should detect this and also
fail. This will cause cogl_texture_new to fallback to a sliced
texture.
Thanks to Vladimir Ivakin for reporting this problem.
In the frenzy of the last 10mins before API freeze, I obviously forgot
to update the OpenGL path for _cogl_buffer_hints_to_gl_enum(). This
commit fixes this.
When the atlas is reorganised we could potentially be moving around
textures that are already referenced in the journal. We therefore need
to flush the journal otherwise they will be rendered with incorrect
texture coordinates. We also need to flush the journal even if we are
not reorganizing so that we can rely on the old texture contents
remaining in the atlas after migrating a texture out.
When creating a Cogl sub-texture, if the full texture is also a sub
texture it will now just offset the x and y and reference the full
texture instead. This avoids one level of indirection when rendering
the texture which reduces the chances of getting rounding errors in
the calculations.
The function _cogl_get_max_texture_units is called quite often while
rendering and it returns a constant value so we might as well cache
the result. Calling glGetInteger on Mesa can be expensive because it
flushes a lot of state.
An initial pass over the Cogl source code using the Clang static
analysis tool flagged a few low hanging issues such as un-used variables
or redundant initializing of variables which this patch fixes.
All the cogl_rectangle* APIs normalize their input into into an array of
_CoglMutiTexturedRect rectangles and pass these on to our work horse;
_cogl_rectangles_with_multitexture_coords. The definition of
_CoglMutiTexturedRect had 4 separate float members, x_1, y_1, x_2 and
y_2 which meant for some common cases we were having to copy out from an
array into these members. We are now able to simply point into the users
array avoiding a copy which seems desirable when submiting lots of
rectangles.
This uses the G_GNUC_DEPRECATED macros to mark the
cogl_{texture,vertex_buffer,shader}_ref and unref APIs as deprecated.
Since this flagged that cogl-pango-display-list.c and
clutter-glx-texture-pixmap.c were still using deprecated _ref/_unref
APIs they have now been changed to use the cogl_handle_ref/unref API
instead.
The function prototypes for the primitives API were spread between
cogl-path.h and cogl-texture.h and should have been in a
cogl-primitives.h.
As well as shuffling the prototypes around into more sensible places
this commit splits the cogl-path API out from cogl-primitives.c into
a cogl-path.c
We've had complaints that our Cogl code/headers are a bit "special" so
this is a first pass at tidying things up by giving them some
consistency. These changes are all consistent with how new code in Cogl
is being written, but the style isn't consistently applied across all
code yet.
There are two parts to this patch; but since each one required a large
amount of effort to maintain tidy indenting it made sense to combine the
changes to reduce the time spent re indenting the same lines.
The first change is to use a consistent style for declaring function
prototypes in headers. Cogl headers now consistently use this style for
prototypes:
return_type
cogl_function_name (CoglType arg0,
CoglType arg1);
Not everyone likes this style, but it seems that most of the currently
active Cogl developers agree on it.
The second change is to constrain the use of redundant glib data types
in Cogl. Uses of gint, guint, gfloat, glong, gulong and gchar have all
been replaced with int, unsigned int, float, long, unsigned long and char
respectively. When talking about pixel data; use of guchar has been
replaced with guint8, otherwise unsigned char can be used.
The glib types that we continue to use for portability are gboolean,
gint{8,16,32,64}, guint{8,16,32,64} and gsize.
The general intention is that Cogl should look palatable to the widest
range of C programmers including those outside the Gnome community so
- especially for the public API - we want to minimize the number of
foreign looking typedefs.
OpenGL is an implementation detail for Cogl so it's not appropriate to
expose OpenGL extensions through the Cogl API.
Note: Clutter is currently still using this API, because it is still
doing raw GL calls in ClutterGLXTexturePixmap, so this introduces a
couple of (legitimate) build warnings while compiling Clutter.
The signbit macro is defined in C99 so it should be available but some
versions of GCC don't appear to define it by default. If it's not
available we can use a hack to test the bit directly.
A material layer can not be considered equal if it is using different
texture filtering modes. This was causing problems where rectangles
with different filters would end up batched together and then rendered
with the wrong filter mode.
The function modifies the pixels pointed by p in-place so the pointer
can not be constant. The compiler was accepting this because the
modification is done from inline assembler.
_cogl_texture_driver_gen is needed to set the texture minification
mode to Cogl's default of GL_LINEAR. There was also a line to set this
in _cogl_texture_2d_new_with_size but it wasn't working because it was
called *before* the texture was bound. If the texture was later
rendered with the default material it then it would end up with GL's
default mipmap filtering mode but without mipmaps so it would render
white squares instead.
This adds a fast path for premultiplying an RGBA image using SSE2
instructions. SSE registers are 128-bit and we need at least 16-bits
per component for the intermediate result of the multiplication so we
can do two pixels in parallel with one register. The function
interleaves 2 SSE registers to multiply 4 pixels in one function call
with the hope that this will pipeline better.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1939
Signed-off-by: Emmanuele Bassi <ebassi@linux.intel.com>
OpenGL ES has no PBO extension, so we fallback to using a malloc'ed
buffer. Make sure the OpenGL-only defines don't leak into the OpenGL ES
compilation.
First, let's add a new public feature called, surprisingly,
COGL_FEATURE_PBOS to check the availability of PBOs and provide a
fallback path when running on older GL implementations or on OpenGL ES
In case the underlying OpenGL implementation does not provide PBOs, we
need a fallback path (a malloc'ed buffer). The CoglPixelBufer
constructors will instanciate a subclass of CoglBuffer that handles
map/unmap and set_data() with a malloc'ed buffer.
The public feature is useful to check before using set_data() on a
buffer as it will mean doing a memcpy() when not supporting PBOs (in
that case, it's better to create the texture directly instead of using a
CoglBuffer).
The only goal of using COGL buffers is to use them to create
textures. cogl_texture_new_from_buffer() is the new symbol to create
textures out of buffers.
This subclass of CoglBuffer aims at wrapping PBOs or other system
surfaces like DRM buffer objects. Two constructors are available:
cogl_pixel_buffer_new() with a size when you only care about the size of
the buffer (such a buffer can be used to store several texture data such
as the three planes of a I420 frame).
cogl_pixel_buffer_new_full() is more a 1:1 mapping between the data and
an underlying surface, with the possibility of having access to a low
level memory buffer that may have a stride.
Buffer objects are cool! This abstracts the buffer API first introduced
by GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object and then extended to other objects.
The coglBuffer abstract class is intended to be the base class of all
the buffer objects, letting the user map() buffers. If the underlying
implementation does not support buffer objects (or only support VBO but
not FBO for instance), fallback paths should be provided.
The only way the user has to set the mipmap filters is through the
material/layer API. This API defaults to GL_LINEAR/GL_LINEAR for the max
and min filters. With the main use case of cogl being 2D interfaces, it
makes sense do default to GL_LINEAR for the min filter.
When creating new textures, we did not set any filter on them, using
OpenGL defaults': GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_LINEAR for the min filter and
GL_LINEAR for the max filter. This will make the driver allocate memory
for the mipmap tree, memory that will not be used in the nominal case
(as the material API defaults to GL_LINEAR).
This patch tries to ensure that the min filter is set to GL_LINEAR
before any glTexImage*() call is done on the texture by setting the
filter when generating new OpenGL handles.
Some GL functions have a return value that the GE() macro is not able to
handle. Let's define a new Ge_RET() macro which will be able to handle
functions such as glMapBuffer().
While at it, removed the unused variadic dots to the GE() macro.
When we trashed the contents of the stencil buffer during
_cogl_path_fill_nodes we marked the clip stack state as dirty and expected
the clip stack code would clean up our glStencilFunc state.
The problem is that we only try and update the clip state during
_cogl_journal_init (when we flush the framebuffer state) which is only
called when the journal first gets something logged in it.
To make sure the stencil state is cleaned up we now also flush the journal
so _cogl_journal_init will be called for the next logged rectangle.
This adds three new texture backends.
- CoglTexture2D: This is a trimmed down version of CoglTexture2DSliced
which only supports a single texture and only works with the
GL_TEXTURE_2D target. The code is a lot simpler so it has a less
overheads than dealing with slices. Cogl will use this wherever
possible.
- CoglSubTexture: This is used to get a CoglHandle to represent a
subregion of another texture. The texture can be used as if it was a
standalone texture but it does not need to copy the resources.
- CoglAtlasTexture: This collects RGB and RGBA textures into a single
GL texture with the aim of reducing texture state changes and
increasing batching. The backend will try to manage the atlas and
may move the textures around to close gaps in the texture. By
default all textures will be placed in the atlas.
There was a typo in getting the height of the full texture to check
whether the sub region fits so that it was using the width
instead. This was causing crashes when debugging is enabled for some
apps.
In cogl_texture_new_from_file we create and own a temporary
bitmap. There's no need to copy this data if we need to do a premult
conversion so instead it just does conversion before passing it on to
cogl_texture_new_from_bitmap.
The Cogl atlas code was using _cogl_texture_prepare_for_upload with a
NULL pointer for the dst_bmp to determine the internal format of the
texture without converting the bitmap. It needs to do this to decide
whether the texture will go in the atlas before wasting time on the
conversion. This use of the function is a little confusing so that
part of it has been split out into a new function called
_cogl_texture_determine_internal_format. The code to decide whether a
premult conversion is needed has also been split out.
Commit 92a375ab4 changed the initial value of max_texcoord_attrib_unit
to -1 so that it could disable the texture coord array for the first
texture unit when there are no texture coords used in the vbo. However
max_texcoord_attrib_unit was an unsigned value so this actually became
G_MAXUINT. The disabling loop at the bottom still worked because
G_MAXUINT+1==0 but the check for whether any texture unit is greater
than max_texcoord_attrib_unit was failing so it would always end up
disabling all texture units. This is now fixed by changing
max_texcoord_attrib_unit to be signed.
When deciding if a material layer is equal it now compares the GL
target and texture number if the textures are not sliced. This is
needed to get batching across atlased textures.
Cogl accepts a pixel format for both the data in memory and the
internal format to be used for the texture. If they do not match then
it would convert them using the CoglBitmap functions before uploading
the data. However, GL also lets you specify both formats so it makes
more sense to let GL do the conversion. The driver may need the
texture in a specific format so it may end up being converted anyway.
The cogl_texture_upload_data functions have been removed and replaced
with a single function to prepare the bitmap. This will only do the
premultiplication conversion because that is the only part that GL
can't do directly.
The premult part of _cogl_convert_premult has now been split out as
_cogl_convert_premult_status. _cogl_convert_premult has been renamed
to _cogl_convert_format to make it less confusing. The premult
conversion is now done in-place instead of copying the
buffer. Previously it was copying the buffer once for the format
conversion and then copying it again for the premult conversion. The
premult conversion never changes the size of the buffer so it's quite
easy to do in place. We can also use the separated out function
independently.
The internal format of the atlas texture is still set to the
appropriate format so Cogl will disable blending for textures that are
intended to be RGB. This should end up ignoring the alpha channel from
the texture in the atlas. This makes the code slightly easier to
maintain and should also improve the chances of batching.
Instead of assigning a new colour to each quad of a batch, the
rectangle debugging code now assigns a new colour to each batch so
that it can be used to visually see what is being batched. The colour
is stored in a global variable that is reset during cogl_clear. This
improves the chances that the same colour will be used for a batch in
the next frames to avoid flickering.
When setting up the state for the vertex buffer,
enable_state_for_drawing_buffer tries to keep track of the highest
numbered texture unit in use. It then disables any texture arrays for
units that were previously enabled if they are greater than that
number. However if there is no texturing in the VBO then the max used
unit would be left at 0 which it would later think meant unit 0 is
still in use so it wouldn't disable it. To fix this it now initialises
the max used unit to -1 which it should interpret as ‘no units are in
use’ so it will later disable the arrays for all units.
Thanks to Jon Mayo for reporting the bug.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1957
We were checking the number of texture units against the GL enum that is
used in glGetInteger() to query that number. Let's abstract this in a
little function.
Took the opportunity to dig a bit on the usage of GL limits for the
number of texture (image) units and document our use of them. We'll need
something finer grained if we want to fully exploit texture image units
with a programmable pipeline.
The index field of CoglTextureUnit was never set, leading to the
creation of units with index set to 0. When trying to retrieve a texture
unit by its index (!= 0) with _cogl_get_texture_unit(), a new one was
created as it could not find it back in the list of textures units:
ctx->texture_units.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1958
Previously the atlas textures were being created with whatever format
the first sub texture is in. Only three formats are supported so this
only matters if the first texture is a premultiplied alpha
texture. Instead it now masks out the premultiplied bit so that the
textures are always either RGB_888 or RGBA_8888.
When uploading texture data it was just calling cogl_texture_set_data
on the large texture. This would attempt to convert the data to the
format of the large texture. All of the textures with alpha channels
are stored together regardless of whether they are premultiplied so
this was causing premultiplied textures to be unpremultiplied
again. It now just uploads the data ignoring the premult bit of the
format so that it only gets converted once.
With the atlas texture backend ensuring the mipmaps can make it become
a completely different texture which will have different texture
coordinates or may even be sliced. Therefore we need to ensure the
mipmaps before deciding which quads to log in the journal. This adds a
new private function to cogl-material which ensures the mipmaps if
needed.
The sub texture backend doesn't work well as a completely general
texture backend because for example when rendering with cogl_polygon
it needs to be able to tranform arbitrary texture coordinates without
reference to the other coordintes. This can't be done when the texture
coordinates are a multiple of one because sometimes the coordinate
should represent the left or top edge and sometimes it should
represent the bottom or top edge. For example if the s coordinates are
0 and 1 then 1 represents the right edge but if they are 1 and 2 then
1 represents the left edge.
Instead the sub-textures are now documented not to support coordinates
outside the range [0,1]. The coordinates for the sub-region are now
represented as integers as this helps avoid rounding issues. The
region can no longer be a super-region of the texture as this
simplifies the code quite a lot.
There are two new texture virtual functions:
transform_quad_coords_to_gl - This transforms two pairs of coordinates
representing a quad. It will return FALSE if the coordinates can
not be transformed. The sub texture backend uses this to detect
coordinates that require repeating which causes cogl-primitives
to use manual repeating.
ensure_non_quad_rendering - This is used in cogl_polygon and
cogl_vertex_buffer to inform the texture backend that
transform_quad_to_gl is going to be used. The atlas backend
migrates the texture out of the atlas when it hits this.
When calculating the next integer position for negative coordinates it
would not increment if the position is already a multiple of one so we
need to manually add one.
When try_creating_fbo fails it returns 0 to report the error and if it
succeeds it returns ‘flags’. However cogl_offscreen_new_to_texture
also passes in 0 for the flags as the last fallback to create the fbo
with nothing but the color buffer. In that case it will return 0
regardless of whether it succeeded so the last fallback will always be
considered a failure.
To fix this it now just returns a gboolean to indicate whether it
succeeded and the flags used for each attempt is assigned when passing
the argument rather than from the return value of the function.
Also if the only configuration that succeeded was with flags==0 then
it would always try all combinations because last_working_flags would
also be zero. To avoid this it now uses a separate gboolean to mark
whether we found a successful set of flags.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1873
Since 755cce33a7 the framebuffer code is using the GL enums
GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT and GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16. These aren't available
directly under GLES except with the OES suffix so we need to define
them manually as we do with the other framebuffer constants.
These macros used to define Cogl wrappers for the GLenum values. There are
now Cogl enums everywhere in the API where these were required so we
shouldn't need them anymore. They were in the public headers but as
they are not neccessary and were not in the API docs for Clutter 1.0
it should be safe to remove them.
If a user supplied multiple groups of texture coordinates with
cogl_rectangle_with_multitexture_coords() then we would repeatedly log only
the first group in the journal. This fixes that bug and adds a conformance
test to verify the fix.
Thanks to Gord Allott for reporting this bug.
The Intel drivers in Mesa 7.6 (and possibly earlier versions) don't
support creating FBOs with a stencil buffer but without a depth
buffer. This reworks framebuffer allocation so that we try a number
of fallback options before failing.
The options we try in order are:
- the same options that were sucessful last time if available
- combined depth and stencil
- separate depth and stencil
- just stencil, no depth
- just depth, no stencil
- neither depth or stencil
We weren't taking a reference on the texture to be used as the color buffer
for offscreen rendering, so it was possible to free the texture leaving the
framebuffer in an inconsistent state.
This adds gives Cogl a dedicated UProf context which will be linked together
with Clutter's context during clutter_init_real().
Initial timers cover _cogl_journal_flush and _cogl_journal_log_quad
You can explicitly ask for a report of Cogl statistics by exporting
COGL_PROFILE_OUTPUT_REPORT=1 but since the context is linked with Clutter's
the statisitcs will also be shown in the automatic Clutter reports.
* stage-use-alpha:
tests: Use accessor methods for :use-alpha
stage: Add accessors for :use-alpha
tests: Allow setting the stage opacity in test-paint-wrapper
stage: Premultiply the stage color
stage: Composite the opacity with the alpha channel
glx: Always request an ARGB visual
stage: Add :use-alpha property
materials: Get the right blend function for alpha
When the texture is in the atlas, ensuring the mipmaps can effectively
make it become a completely different texture so we should do this
before getting the GL handle.
Mipmaps don't work very well in the current atlas because there is not
enough padding between the textures. If ensure_mipmaps is called it
will now create a new texture and migrate the atlased texture to
it. It will use the same blit mechanism as when migrating so it will
try to use an FBO for a fast blit. However if this is not possible it
will end up downloading the data for the entire atlas which is not
ideal.
When reorganizing the textures, we can avoid downloading the entire
texture data if we bind the source texture in a framebuffer object and
copy the destination using glCopyTexSubImage2D. This is also
implemented using a much faster path in Mesa.
Currently it is calling the GL framebuffer API directly but ideally it
would use the Cogl offscreen API. However there is no way to tell Cogl
not to create a stencil renderbuffer which seems like a waste in this
situation.
If FBOs are not available it will fallback to reading back the entire
texture data as before.
This adds a 'dump-atlas-image' debug category. When enabled, CoglAtlas
will use Cairo to create a png which visualizes the leaf rectangles of
the atlas.
This adds an 'atlas' category to the COGL_DEBUG environment
variable. When enabled Cogl will display messages when textures are
added to the atlas and when the atlas is reorganized.
When space can't be found in the atlas for a new texture it will now
try to reorganize the atlas to make space. A new CoglAtlas is created
and all of the textures are readded in decreasing size order. If the
textures still don't fit then the size of the atlas is doubled until
either we find a space or we reach the texture size limits. If we
successfully find an organization that fits then all of the textures
will be migrated to a new texture. This involves copying the texture
data into CPU memory and then uploading it again. Potentially it could
eventually use a PBO or an FBO to transfer the image without going
through the CPU.
The algorithm for laying out the textures works a lot better if the
rectangles are added in order so we might eventually want some API for
creating multiple textures in one go to avoid reorganizing the atlas
as far as possible.
This adds a CoglAtlas type which is a data structure that keeps track
of unused sub rectangles of a larger rectangle. There is a new atlased
texture backend which uses this to put multiple textures into a single
larger texture.
Currently the atlas is always sized 256x256 and the textures are never
moved once they are put in. Eventually it needs to be able to
reorganise the atlas and grow it if necessary. It also needs to
migrate the textures out of the atlas if mipmaps are required.
This is an optimised version of CoglTexture2DSliced that always deals
with a single texture and always uses the GL_TEXTURE_2D
target. cogl_texture_new_from_bitmap now tries to use this backend
first. If it can't create a texture with that size then it falls back
the sliced backend.
cogl_texture_upload_data_prepare has been split into two functions
because the sliced backend needs to know the real internal format
before the conversion is performed. Otherwise the converted bitmap
will be wasted if the backend can't support the size.
This provides a way to upload the entire data for a texture without
having to first call glTexImage and then glTexSubImage. This should be
faster especially with indirect rendering where it would needlessy
send the data for the texture twice.
new_from_data and new_from_file can be implemented in terms of
new_from_bitmap so it makes sense to move these to cogl-texture rather
than having to implement them in every texture backend.
This adds a new texture backend which represents a sub texture of a
larger texture. The texture is created with a reference to the full
texture and a set of coordinates describing the region. The backend
simply defers to the full texture for all operations and maps the
coordinates to the other range. You can also use coordinates outside
the range [0,1] to create a repeated version of the full texture.
A new public API function called cogl_texture_new_from_sub_texture is
available to create the sub texture.
The CoglTextureSliceCallback function pointer now takes const pointers
for the texture coordinates. This makes it clearer that the callback
should not modify the array and therefore the backend can use the same
array for both sets of coords.
Given a region of texture coordinates this utility invokes a callback
enough times to cover the region with a subregion that spans the
texture at most once. Eg, if called with tx1 and tx2 as 0.5 and 3.0 it
it would invoke the callback with:
0.5,1.0 1.0,2.0 2.0,3.0
Manual repeating is needed by all texture backends regardless of
whether they can support hardware repeating because when Cogl calls
the foreach_sub_texture_in_region method then it sets the wrap mode to
GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE and no hardware repeating is possible.
In _cogl_multitexture_quad_single_primitive we use a wrap mode of
GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE if the texture coordinates are all in the range [0,1]
or GL_REPEAT otherwise. This is to avoid pulling in pixels from either
side when using GL_LINEAR filter mode and rendering the entire
texture. Previously it was checking using the unconverted texture
coordinates. This is ok unless the texture backend is radically
transforming the texture coordinates, such as in the sub texture
backend where the coordinates may map to something completely
different. We now check whether the coordinates are in range after
converting them.
Most of the fields that were previously in CoglTexture are specific to
the implementation of CoglTexture2DSliced so they should be placed
there instead. For example, the 'mipmaps_dirty' flag is an
implementation detail of the ensure_mipmaps function so it doesn't
make sense to force all texture backends to have this function.
Other fields such as width, height, gl_format and format may make
sense for all textures but I've added them as virtual functions
instead. This may make more sense for a sub-texture backend for
example where it can calculate these based on the full texture.
The CoglTexture struct previously contained some fields which are only
used to upload data such as the CoglBitmap and the source GL
format. These are now moved to a separate CoglTextureUploadData struct
which only exists for the duration of one of the cogl_texture_*_new
functions. In cogl-texture there are utility functions which operate
on this new struct rather than on CoglTexture directly.
Some of the fields that were previously stored in the CoglBitmap
struct are now copied to the CoglTexture such as the width, height,
format and internal GL format.
The rowstride was previously stored in CoglTexture and this was
publicly accessible with the cogl_texture_get_rowstride
function. However this doesn't seem to be a useful function because
there is no need to use the same rowstride again when uploading or
downloading new data. Instead cogl_texture_get_rowstride now just
calculates a suitable rowstride from the format and width of the
texture.
Commit 558b17ee1e added support for rectangle textures to the
framebuffer code. Under GLES there is no GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_ARB
definition so this was breaking the build. The rest of Cogl uses
ifdef's around that constant so we should do the same here.
The correct blend function for the alpha channel is:
GL_ONE, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA
As per bug 1406. This fix was dropped when the switch to premultiplied
alpha was merged.
We currently enable blending if the material colour has
transparency. This patch makes it also enable blending if any of the
lighting colours have transparency. Arguably this isn't neccessary
because we don't expose any API to enable lighting so there is no
bug. However it is currently possible to enable lighting with a direct
call to glEnable and this otherwise works so it is a shame not to have
it.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1907
cogl_push_draw_buffer, cogl_set_draw_buffer and cogl_pop_draw_buffer are now
deprecated and new code should use the new cogl_framebuffer_* API instead.
Code that previously did:
cogl_push_draw_buffer ();
cogl_set_draw_buffer (COGL_OFFSCREEN_BUFFER, buffer);
/* draw */
cogl_pop_draw_buffer ();
should now be re-written as:
cogl_push_framebuffer (buffer);
/* draw */
cogl_pop_framebuffer ();
As can be seen from the example above the rename has been used as an
opportunity to remove the redundant target argument from
cogl_set_draw_buffer; it now only takes one call to redirect to an offscreen
buffer, and finally the term framebuffer may be a bit more familiar to
anyone coming from an OpenGL background.
Instead of storing an enum with the backend type for each texture and
then using a switch statement to decide which function to call, we
should store pointers to all of the functions in a struct and have
each texture point to that struct. This is potentially slightly faster
when there are more backends and it makes implementing new backends
easier because it's more obvious which functions have to be
implemented.
cogl_offscreen_new_to_texture previously bailed out if the given texture's
GL target was anything but GL_TEXTURE_2D, but it now also allows
foreign GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_ARB textures.
Thanks to Owen for reporting this issue, ref:
https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=601032
cogl_material_copy can be used to create a new CoglHandle referencing a copy
of some given material.
From now on we will advise that developers always aim to use this function
instead of cogl_material_new() when creating a material that is in any way
derived from another.
By using cogl_material_copy, Cogl can maintain an ancestry for each material
and keep track of "similar" materials. The plan is that Cogl will use this
information to minimize the cost of GPU state transitions.
This function was #if 0'd before we released Clutter 1.0 so there's no
implementation of it. At some point we thought it might assist with
developers breaking out into raw OpenGL. Breaking out to raw GL is a
difficult problem though so we decided instead we will wait for a specific
use case to arrise before trying to support it.
_cogl_material_get_layer expects a CoglMaterial* pointer but it was
being called with a CoglHandle. This doesn't matter because the
CoglHandle is actually just the CoglMaterial* pointer anyway but it
breaks the ability to change the _cogl_material_pointer_from_handle
macro.
• Use the same style for the Cogl API reference as the one used for
the Clutter API reference.
• Fix the introspection annotations for cogl_bitmap_get_size_from_file()
The imported Mesa matrix code has some documentation annotations
that make gtk-doc very angry. Since it's all private anyway we
can safely make gtk-doc ignore the offending stuff.
$(COGL_DRIVER)/cogl-defines.h is generated in the configure script so
it ends up in the build directory. Therefore the build rule for
cogl/cogl-defines.h should depend on the file in $(builddir) not
$(srcdir).
The deprecation notices in gtk-doc should also refer to the
release that added the deprecation, and if the deprecated
symbol has been replaced by something else then the new symbol
should be correctly referenced.
The main COGL header cogl.h is currently created at configure time
because it conditionally includes the driver-dependent defines. This
sometimes leads to a stale cogl.h with old definitions which can
break the build until you clean out the whole tree and start from
scratch.
We can generate a stable cogl-defines.h at build time from the
equivalent driver-dependent header and let cogl.h include that
file instead.
_cogl_feature_check expects the array of function names to be
terminated with a NULL pointer but I forgot to add this. This was
causing crashes depending on what happened to be in memory after the
array.
For VBOs, we don't need to check for the extension if the GL version
is greater than 1.5. Non-power-of-two textures are given in 2.0.
We could also assume shader support in GL 2.0 except that the function
names are different from those in the extension so it wouldn't work
well with the current mechanism.
Previously if you need to depend on a new GL feature you had to:
- Add typedefs for all of the functions in cogl-defines.h.in
- Add function pointers for each of the functions in
cogl-context-driver.h
- Add an initializer for the function pointers in
cogl-context-driver.c
- Add a check for the extension and all of the functions in
cogl_features_init. If the extension is available under multiple
names then you have to duplicate the checks.
This is quite tedious and error prone. This patch moves all of the
features and their functions into a list of macro invocations in
cogl-feature-functions.h. The macros can be redefined to implement all
of the above tasks from the same header.
The features are described in a struct with a pointer to a table of
functions. A new function takes the feature description from this
struct and checks for its availability. The feature can take a list of
extension names with a list of alternate namespaces (such as "EXT" or
"ARB"). It can also detect the feature from a particular version of
GL.
The typedefs are now gone and instead the function pointer in the Cogl
context just directly contains the type.
Some of the functions in the context were previously declared with the
'ARB' extension. This has been removed so that now all the functions
have no suffix. This makes more sense when the extension could
potentially be merged into GL core as well.
There is a new internal Cogl function called _cogl_check_driver_valid
which looks at the value of the GL_VERSION string to determine whether
the driver is supported. Clutter now calls this after the stage is
realized. If it fails then the stage is marked as unrealized and a
warning is shown.
_cogl_features_init now also checks the version number before getting
the function pointers for glBlendFuncSeparate and
glBlendEquationSeparate. It is not safe to just check for the presence
of the functions because some drivers may define the function without
fully implementing the spec.
The GLES version of _cogl_check_driver_valid just always returns TRUE
because there are no version requirements yet.
Eventually the function could also check for mandatory extensions if
there were any.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1875
When _cogl_add_path_to_stencil_buffer is used to draw a path we don't
need to clear the entire stencil buffer. Instead it can clear just the
bounding box of the path. This adds an extra parameter called
'need_clear' which is only set if the stencil buffer is being used for
clipping.
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1829
This fixes a warning about an uninitialised value. It could also
potentially fix some crashes for example if the enable_flags value
happened to include a bit for enabling a vertex array if no vertex
buffer pointer was set.
While loading a JPEG from disk (with clutter_texture_new_from_file),
I got the following:
<Error>: CGBitmapContextCreate: unsupported parameter combination: 8
integer bits/component; 24 bits/pixel; 3-component colorspace;
kCGImageAlphaNone; 3072 bytes/row.
<Error>: CGContextDrawImage: invalid context
Looking around, I found that CGBitmapContextCreate can't make 24bpp
offscreen pixmaps without an alpha channel...
This fixes the bug, and seems to not break other things...
http://bugzilla.openedhand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1159
Signed-off-by: Emmanuele Bassi <ebassi@linux.intel.com>
cogl_clip_push() which accepts a rectangle in model space shouldn't have
been defined to take x,y,width,height arguments because this isn't consistant
with other Cogl API dealing with model space rectangles. If you are using a
coordinate system with the origin at the center and the y+ extending up,
then x,y,width,height isn't as natural as (x0,y0)(x1,y1). This API has
now been replace with cogl_clip_push_rectangle()
(As a general note: the Cogl API should only use the x,y,width,height style
when the appropriate coordinate space is defined by Cogl to have a top left
origin. E.g. window coordinates, or potentially texture coordinates)
cogl_clip_push_window_rect() shouldn't have been defined to take float
arguments since we only clip with integral pixel precision. We also
shouldn't have abbreviated "rectangle". This API has been replaced with
cogl_clip_push_window_rectangle()
cogl_clip_ensure() wasn't documented at all in Clutter 1.0 and probably
no one even knew it existed. This API isn't useful, and so it's now
deprecated. If no one complains we may remove the API altogether for
Clutter 1.2.
cogl_clip_stack_save() and cogl_clip_stack_restore() were originally added
to allow us to save/restore the clip when switching to/from offscreen
rendering. Now that offscreen draw buffers are defined to own their clip
state and the state will be automatically saved and restored this API is now
redundant and so deprecated.
For a long time now the GLES driver for Cogl has supported a fallback
scanline rasterizer for filling paths when no stencil buffer is available,
but now that we build the same cogl-primitives code for GL and GLES I
thought it may sometimes be useful for debugging to force Cogl to use the
scanline rasterizer instead of the current stencil buffer approach.
These files were practically identical, except the gles code had additional
support for filling paths without a stencil buffer. All the driver code has
now been moved into cogl/cogl-primitives.c
It's useful when initialzing offscreen draw buffers to be able to ask
Cogl to create a texture of a given size and with the default internal
pixel format.
Before we call glViewport we need to convert Cogl viewport coordinates
(where the origin is defined to be top left) to OpenGL coordinates
(where the origin is defined to be bottom left)
We weren't considering that offscreen rendering is always upside down
and in this case Cogl coordinates == OpenGL coordinates.
Firstly this now uses the draw buffer height not the viewport height
when we need to perform a y = height - y conversion, since (as the
name suggests) we are dealing with window coordinates not viewport
coordinates.
Secondly this skips any conversion when the current draw buffer is an
offscreen draw buffer since offscreen rendering is always forced to be
upside down and in this case Cogl window coordinates == GL window
coordinates.
This new API takes advantage of the recently imported Mesa code to support
inverse matrix calculation. The matrix code keeps track (via internal
flags) of the transformations a matrix represents so that it can select an
optimized inversion function.
Note: although other aspects of the Cogl matrix API have followed a similar
style to Cairo's matrix API we haven't added a cogl_matrix_invert API
because the inverse of a CoglMatrix is actually cached as part of the
CoglMatrix structure meaning a destructive API like cogl_matrix_invert
doesn't let users take advantage of this caching design.
This adds a COGL_DEBUG=matrices debug option that can be used to trace all
matrix manipulation done using the Cogl API. This can be handy when you
break something in such a way that a trace is still comparable with a
previous working version since you can simply diff a log of the broken
version vs the working version to home in on the bug.
This pulls in code from Mesa to improve our matrix manipulation support. It
includes support for calculating the inverse of matrices based on top of a
matrix categorizing system that allows optimizing certain matrix types.
(the main thing we were after) but also adds some optimisations for
rotations.
Changes compared to the original code from Mesa:
- Coding style is consistent with the rest of Cogl
- Instead of allocating matrix->m and matrix->inv using malloc, our public
CoglMatrix typedef is large enough to directly contain the matrix, its
inverse, a type and a set of flags.
- Instead of having a _math_matrix_analyse which updates the type, flags and
inverse, we have _math_matrix_update_inverse which essentially does the
same thing (internally making use of _math_matrix_update_type_and_flags())
but with additional guards in place to bail out when the inverse matrix is
still valid.
- When initializing a matrix with the identity matrix we don't immediately
initialize the inverse matrix; rather we just set the dirty flag for the
inverse (since it's likely the user won't request the inverse of the
identity matrix)
Because Cogl defines the origin for texture as top left and offscreen draw
buffers can be used to render to textures, we (internally) force all
offscreen rendering to be upside down. (because OpenGL defines the origin
to be bottom left)
By forcing the users scene to be rendered upside down though we also reverse
the winding order of all the drawn triangles which may interfere with the
users use of backface culling. This patch ensures that we reverse the
winding order for a front face (if culling is in use) while rendering
offscreen so we don't conflict with the users back face culling.
Technically this change shouldn't make a difference since we are
calling glReadPixels with GL_RGBA GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE which is a 4
byte format and it should always result in the same value according
to how OpenGL calculates the location of sequential rows.
i.e. k = a/s * ceil(snl/a) where:
a = alignment
s = component size (1)
n = number of components per pixel (4)
l = number of pixels in a row
gives:
k = 4/1 * ceil(4l/4) and k = 1/1 * ceil(4l/1) which are equivalent
I'm changing it because I've seen i915 driver code that bails out of
hardware accelerated paths if the alignment isn't 1, and because
conceptually we have no alignment constraints here so even if the current
value has no effect, when we start reading back other formats it may upset
things.
We were previously calling cogl_flush() after setting up the glPixelStore
state for calling glReadPixels, but flushing the journal could itself
change the glPixelStore state.
Since offscreen rendering is forced to be upside down we don't need to do
any conversion of the users coordinates to go from Cogl window coordinates
to OpenGL window coordinates.
Since we do all offscreen rendering upside down (so that we can have the
origin for texture coordinates be the top left of textures for the cases
where offscreen draw buffers are bound to textures) we don't need to flip
data read back from an offscreen framebuffer before we we return it to the
user.
I was originally expecting the code not to handle offset viewports or
viewports with a different size to the framebuffer, but it turns out the
code worked fine. In the process though I think I made the code slightly
more readable.
cogl_viewport only accepted a viewport width and height, but there are times
when it's also desireable to have a viewport offset so that a scene can be
translated after projection but before hitting the framebuffer.
Because Cogl defines the origin of viewport and window coordinates to be
top-left it always needs to know the size of the current window so that Cogl
window/viewport coordinates can be transformed into OpenGL coordinates.
This also fixes cogl_read_pixels to use the current draw buffer height
instead of the viewport height to determine the OpenGL y coordinate to use
for glReadPixels.
First a few notes about Cogl coordinate systems:
- Cogl defines the window origin, viewport origin and texture coordinates
origin to be top left unlike OpenGL which defines them as bottom left.
- Cogl defines the modelview and projection identity matrices in exactly the
same way as OpenGL.
- I.e. we believe that for 2D centric constructs: windows/framebuffers,
viewports and textures developers are more used to dealing with a top left
origin, but when modeling objects in 3D; an origin at the center with y
going up is quite natural.
The way Cogl handles textures is by uploading data upside down in OpenGL
terms so that bottom left becomes top left. (Note: This also has the
benefit that we don't need to flip the data we get from image decoding
libraries since they typically also consider top left to be the image
origin.)
The viewport and window coords are mostly handled with various y =
height - y tweaks before we pass y coordinates to OpenGL.
Generally speaking though the handling of coordinate spaces in Cogl is a bit
fragile. I guess partly because none of it was design to be, it just
evolved from how Clutter defines its coordinates without much consideration
or testing. I hope to improve this over a number of commits; starting here.
This commit deals with the fact that offscreen draw buffers may be bound to
textures but we don't "upload" the texture data upside down, and so if you
texture from an offscreen draw buffer you need to manually flip the texture
coordinates to get it the right way around. We now force offscreen
rendering to be flipped upside down by tweaking the projection matrix right
before we submit it to OpenGL to scale y by -1. The tweak is entirely
hidden from the user such that if you call cogl_get_projection you will not
see this scale.
We were ignoring the possibility that the current modelview matrix may flip
the incoming rectangle in which case we didn't calculate a valid scissor
rectangle for clipping.
This fixes: http://bugzilla.o-hand.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1809
(Clipping doesn't work within an FBO)
Cogl's support for offscreen rendering was originally written just to support
the clutter_texture_new_from_actor API and due to lack of documentation and
several confusing - non orthogonal - side effects of using the API it wasn't
really possible to use directly.
This commit does a number of things:
- It removes {gl,gles}/cogl-fbo.{c,h} and adds shared cogl-draw-buffer.{c,h}
files instead which should be easier to maintain.
- internally CoglFbo objects are now called CoglDrawBuffers. A
CoglDrawBuffer is an abstract base class that is inherited from to
implement CoglOnscreen and CoglOffscreen draw buffers. CoglOffscreen draw
buffers will initially be used to support the
cogl_offscreen_new_to_texture API, and CoglOnscreen draw buffers will
start to be used internally to represent windows as we aim to migrate some
of Clutter's backend code to Cogl.
- It makes draw buffer objects the owners of the following state:
- viewport
- projection matrix stack
- modelview matrix stack
- clip state
(This means when you switch between draw buffers you will automatically be
switching to their associated viewport, matrix and clip state)
Aside from hopefully making cogl_offscreen_new_to_texture be more useful
short term by having simpler and well defined semantics for
cogl_set_draw_buffer, as mentioned above this is the first step for a couple
of other things:
- Its a step toward moving ownership for windows down from Clutter backends
into Cogl, by (internally at least) introducing the CoglOnscreen draw
buffer. Note: the plan is that cogl_set_draw_buffer will accept on or
offscreen draw buffer handles, and the "target" argument will become
redundant since we will instead query the type of the given draw buffer
handle.
- Because we have a common type for on and offscreen framebuffers we can
provide a unified API for framebuffer management. Things like:
- blitting between buffers
- managing ancillary buffers (e.g. attaching depth and stencil buffers)
- size requisition
- clearing
Over time the two cogl-fbo.c files have needlessly diverged as bug fixes or
cleanups went into one version but not the other. This tries to bring them
back in line with each other. It should actually be simple enough to move
cogl-fbo.c to be a common file, and simply not build it for GLES 1.1, so
maybe I'll follow up with such a patch soon.
The comment just said: "Some implementation require a clear before drawing
to an fbo. Luckily it is affected by scissor test." and did a scissored
clear, which is clearly a driver bug workaround, but for what driver? The
fact that it was copied into the gles backend (or vica versa is also
suspicious since it seems unlikely that the workaround is necessary for both
backends.)
We can easily restore the workaround with a better comment if this problem
really still exists on current drivers, but for now I'd rather minimize
hand-wavey workaround code that can't be tested.
Otherwise you can't use the alpha channel of the vertex colors unless
the material has a texture with alpha or the material's color has
alpha less than 255.
