new sudoers(8) man page
This commit is contained in:
Todd C. Miller
660
sudoers.cat
660
sudoers.cat
@@ -1,155 +1,279 @@
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sudoers(5) FILE FORMATS sudoers(5)
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SUDOERS(5) FILE FORMATS SUDOERS(5)
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NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE
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sudoers - list of which users may execute what as root
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sudoers - list of which users may execute what
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DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
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The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file is composed of an optional host alias
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section, an optional command alias section and the user
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specification section. All command or host aliases need
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to start with their respective keywords (ie: Host_Alias,
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User_Alias, Runas_Alias or Cmnd_Alias). If there are
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multiple occurrences of a user, the logical union of the
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entries will be used. Note that if there is an entry that
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denies access to a command that is followed by an entry
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that grants access the user will be allowed to run the
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command.
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The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file is composed two types of entries: aliases
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(basically variables) and user specifications (which
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specify who may run what). The grammar of _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will be
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described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF).
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Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is, it is fairly
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simple and the definitions below are annotated.
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uuuusssseeeerrrr ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt::::
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QQQQuuuuiiiicccckkkk gggguuuuiiiiddddeeee ttttoooo EEEEBBBBNNNNFFFF
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EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar
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of a language. Each EBNF definition is made up of
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_p_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _r_u_l_e_s. Eg.
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user access_group [: access_group] ...
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symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...
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access_group ::= host-list = [(runas-list)] [NOPASSWD:] [op]cmnd_type
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[,[(user-list)] [NOPASSWD|PASSWD:] [op]cmnd_type] ...
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cmnd_type ::= a command OR a command alias.
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op ::= the logical "!" NOT operator.
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Each _p_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _r_u_l_e references others and thus makes up a
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grammar for the language. EBNF also contains the
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following operators, which many readers will recognize
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from regular expressions. Do not, however, confuse them
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with "wildcard" characters, which have different meanings.
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? Means that the preceding symbol (or group of
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symbols) is optional. That is, it may appear once
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or not at all.
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hhhhoooosssstttt aaaalllliiiiaaaassss sssseeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt::::
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* Means that the preceding symbol (or group of
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symbols) may appear zero or more times.
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+ Means that the preceding symbol (or group of
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symbols) may appear one or more times.
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Host_Alias HOSTALIAS = host-list
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Parentheses may be used to group symbols together. For
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clarity, we will use single quotes ('') to designate what
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is a verbatim character string (as opposed to a symbol
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name).
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Host_Alias ::= a keyword.
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HOSTALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
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host-list ::= a comma separated list of hosts, netgroups,
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ip addresses, networks. A logical "!"
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NOT operator may be prefixed to any of these.
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AAAAlllliiiiaaaasssseeeessss
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There are four kinds of aliases: the User_Alias,
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Runas_Alias, Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias.
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uuuusssseeeerrrr aaaalllliiiiaaaassss sssseeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt::::
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Alias ::= User_Alias = User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
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Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
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Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
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Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*
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User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List
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User_Alias USERALIAS = user-list
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User_Alias ::= a keyword.
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USERALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
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user-list ::= a comma separated list of users, groups, netgroups.
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A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
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of these.
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rrrruuuunnnnaaaassss aaaalllliiiiaaaassss sssseeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt::::
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Runas_Alias RUNASALIAS = runas-list
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Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_User_List
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22/Jun/1999 1.6 1
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25/Aug/1999 1.6 1
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sudoers(5) FILE FORMATS sudoers(5)
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SUDOERS(5) FILE FORMATS SUDOERS(5)
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Runas_Alias ::= a keyword.
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RUNASALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
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runas-list ::= a comma separated list of users, groups, netgroups.
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A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
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of these.
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Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
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Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List
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ccccoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd aaaalllliiiiaaaassss sssseeeeccccttttiiiioooonnnn ffffoooorrrrmmmmaaaatttt::::
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NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*
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Each _a_l_i_a_s definition is of the form
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Cmnd_Alias CMNDALIAS = cmnd-list
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Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...
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Cmnd_Alias ::= a keyword.
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CMNDALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
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cmnd-list ::= a comma separated list commands.
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A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
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of these.
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where _A_l_i_a_s___T_y_p_e is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias,
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Host_Alias, or Cmnd_Alias. A NAME is a string of upper
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case letters, numbers, and the underscore characters
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('_'). A NAME mmmmuuuusssstttt start with an upper case letter. It
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is possible to put several alias definitions of the same
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type on a single line, joined by a semicolon (':'). Eg.
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Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5
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ccccoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn::::
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The definitions of what constitutes a valid _a_l_i_a_s member
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follow.
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User_List ::= User |
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User ',' User_List
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path arg1 arg2 .. argn = command
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User ::= '!'* username |
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'!'* '#'uid |
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'!'* '%'group |
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'!'* '+'netgroup |
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'!'* User_Alias
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path ::= a fully qualified pathname.
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arg[1..n] ::= optional command line arguments.
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A User_List is made up of one or more usernames, uids
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(prefixed with '#'), System groups (prefixed with '%'),
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netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases. Each
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list item may be prefixed with one or more '!' operators.
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An odd number of '!' operators negates the value of the
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item; an even number just cancel each other out.
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Runas_List ::= Runas_User |
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Runas_User ',' Runas_List
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ppppeeeerrrrssssiiiisssstttteeeennnncccceeee ooooffff mmmmooooddddiiiiffffiiiieeeerrrrssss
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Runas_User ::= '!'* username |
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'!'* '#'uid |
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'!'* '%'group |
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'!'* +netgroup |
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'!'* Runas_Alias
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When a _r_u_n_a_s_-_l_i_s_t is specified for an _a_c_c_e_s_s___g_r_o_u_p, it
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affects all commands in the _a_c_c_e_s_s___g_r_o_u_p. For example,
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given:
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Likewise, a Runas_List has the same possible elements as a
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User_List, except that it can include a Runas_Alias,
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instead of a User_Alias.
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oper bigserver = (root, sysadm) /usr/bin/kill, /bin/rm
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User oper will be able to run /usr/bin/kill and /bin/rm as
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rrrrooooooootttt or ssssyyyyssssaaaaddddmmmm on the machine, bigserver. The _r_u_n_a_s_-_l_i_s_t
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is "sticky" across entries in the comma-separated
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_a_c_c_e_s_s___g_r_o_u_p. You can override the _r_u_n_a_s_-_l_i_s_t with
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another one, at which point the new _r_u_n_a_s_-_l_i_s_t becomes the
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default for that _a_c_c_e_s_s___g_r_o_u_p. For example, given:
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oper bigserver = (root, sysadm) /usr/bin/kill, (root) /bin/rm, \
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/bin/rmdir
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User oper can still run /usr/bin/kill as rrrrooooooootttt or ssssyyyyssssaaaaddddmmmm
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but can only run /bin/rm and /bin/rmdir as rrrrooooooootttt.
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Similarly, the NNNNOOOOPPPPAAAASSSSSSSSWWWWDDDD modifier is also persistent across
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an _a_c_c_e_s_s___g_r_o_u_p. For example given:
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oper bigserver = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/kill, /bin/rm, /bin/rmdir
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Host_List ::= Host |
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Host ',' Host_List
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22/Jun/1999 1.6 2
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25/Aug/1999 1.6 2
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sudoers(5) FILE FORMATS sudoers(5)
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SUDOERS(5) FILE FORMATS SUDOERS(5)
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User oper will be able to run /usr/bin/kill, /bin/rm, and
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/bin/rmdir as rrrrooooooootttt without a password. If we change that
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to:
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Host ::= '!'* hostname |
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'!'* ip_addr |
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'!'* network(/netmask)? |
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'!'* '+'netgroup |
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'!'* Host_Alias
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oper bigserver = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/rm, /bin/rmdir
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A Host_List is made up of one or more hostnames, IP
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addresses, network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with '+')
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and other aliases. Again, the value of an item may be
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negated with the '!' operator. If you do not specify a
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netmask with a network number, the netmask of the host's
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ethernet _i_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e(s) will be used when matching. The
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netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation
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(eg. 255.255.255.0) or CIDR notation (number of bits, eg.
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24).
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User oper can still run /usr/bin/kill without a password
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but must give a password to run /bin/rm and /bin/rmdir.
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Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
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Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List
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wwwwiiiillllddddccccaaaarrrrddddssss ((((aaaakkkkaaaa mmmmeeeettttaaaa cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrrssss))))::::
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commandname ::= filename |
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filename args |
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filename '""'
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ssssuuuuddddoooo allows shell-style _w_i_l_d_c_a_r_d_s along with command
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arguments in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file. Wildcard matching is done
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via the PPPPOOOOSSSSIIIIXXXX fnmatch(3) routine.
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Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname |
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'!'* directory |
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'!'* Cmnd_Alias
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A Cmnd_List is a list of one or more commandnames,
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directories, and other aliases. A commandname is a fully-
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qualified filename which may include shell-style wildcards
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(see `Wildcards' section below). A simple filename allows
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the user to run the command with any arguments he/she
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wishes. However, you may also command line arguments
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(including wildcards). Alternately, you can specify "" to
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indicate that the command may only be run wwwwiiiitttthhhhoooouuuutttt command
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line arguments. A directory is a fully qualified pathname
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ending in a '/'. When you specify a directory in a
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Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any file within
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that directory (but not in any subdirectories therein).
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If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the
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arguments in the Cmnd must match exactly those given by
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the user on the command line (or match the wildcards if
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there are any). Note that the following characters must
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be escaped with a '\' if they are used in command
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arguments: ',', ':', '=', '\\'.
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UUUUsssseeeerrrr SSSSppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
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Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List ')'
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Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:')? Cmnd
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25/Aug/1999 1.6 3
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SUDOERS(5) FILE FORMATS SUDOERS(5)
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Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
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Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List
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User_Spec ::= User_list Cmnd_Spec_List (':' User_Spec)*
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A uuuusssseeeerrrr ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn determines which commands a user may
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run (and as what user) on specified hosts. By default,
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commands are run as rrrrooooooootttt but this can be changed on a per-
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command basis.
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Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
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RRRRuuuunnnnaaaassss____SSSSppppeeeecccc
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A Runas_Spec is simply a Runas_List (as defined above)
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enclosed in a set of parentheses. If you do not specify a
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Runas_Spec in the user specification, a default Runas_Spec
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of rrrrooooooootttt will be used. A Runas_Spec sets the default for
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commands that follow it. What this means is that for the
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entry:
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dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who
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The user ddddggggbbbb may run _/_b_i_n_/_l_s, _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l, and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_p_r_m
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-- but only as ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttoooorrrr. Eg.
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sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
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It is also possible to override a Runas_Spec later on in
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an entry. If we modify the entry like so:
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dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
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Then user ddddggggbbbb is now allowed to run _/_b_i_n_/_l_s as ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttoooorrrr,
|
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but _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_p_r_m as rrrrooooooootttt.
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|
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NNNNOOOOPPPPAAAASSSSSSSSWWWWDDDD aaaannnndddd PPPPAAAASSSSSSSSWWWWDDDD
|
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|
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By default, ssssuuuuddddoooo requires that a user authenticate him or
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herself before running a command. This behavior can be
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modified via the NOPASSWD tag. Like a Runas_Spec, the
|
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NOPASSWD tag sets a default for the commands that follow
|
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it in the Cmnd_Spec_List. Conversely, the PASSWD tag can
|
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be used to reverse things. For example:
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|
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ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
|
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would allow the user rrrraaaayyyy to run _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l, _/_b_i_n_/_l_s, and
|
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_/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_p_r_m as root on the machine rushmore as rrrrooooooootttt
|
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without authenticating himself. If we only want rrrraaaayyyy to be
|
||||
able to run _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l without a password the entry would
|
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be:
|
||||
|
||||
ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
|
||||
|
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|
||||
25/Aug/1999 1.6 4
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
SUDOERS(5) FILE FORMATS SUDOERS(5)
|
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|
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|
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WWWWiiiillllddddccccaaaarrrrddddssss ((((aaaakkkkaaaa mmmmeeeettttaaaa cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrrssss))))::::
|
||||
|
||||
ssssuuuuddddoooo allows shell-style _w_i_l_d_c_a_r_d_s to be used in pathnames
|
||||
as well as command line arguments in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.
|
||||
Wildcard matching is done via the PPPPOOOOSSSSIIIIXXXX fnmatch(3)
|
||||
routine. Note that these are _n_o_t regular expressions.
|
||||
|
||||
* Matches any set of zero or more characters.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -163,213 +287,282 @@ sudoers(5) FILE FORMATS sudoers(5)
|
||||
used to escape special characters such as: "*",
|
||||
"?", "[", and "}".
|
||||
|
||||
eeeexxxxcccceeeeppppttttiiiioooonnnnssss ttttoooo wwwwiiiillllddddccccaaaarrrrdddd rrrruuuulllleeeessss::::
|
||||
Note that a forward slash ('/') will nnnnooootttt be matched by
|
||||
wildcards used in the pathname. When matching the command
|
||||
line arguments, however, as slash ddddooooeeeessss get matched by
|
||||
wildcards. This is to make a path like:
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/bin/*
|
||||
|
||||
match /usr/bin/who but not /usr/bin/X11/xterm.
|
||||
|
||||
EEEExxxxcccceeeeppppttttiiiioooonnnnssss ttttoooo wwwwiiiillllddddccccaaaarrrrdddd rrrruuuulllleeeessss::::
|
||||
|
||||
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
|
||||
|
||||
" If the empty string "" is the only command line
|
||||
"" If the empty string "" is the only command line
|
||||
argument in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entry it means that
|
||||
command may take nnnnoooo arguments.
|
||||
command is not allowed to be run with aaaannnnyyyy
|
||||
arguments.
|
||||
|
||||
ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrrssss aaaannnndddd rrrreeeesssseeeerrrrvvvveeeedddd wwwwoooorrrrddddssss::::
|
||||
OOOOtttthhhheeeerrrr ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrrssss aaaannnndddd rrrreeeesssseeeerrrrvvvveeeedddd wwwwoooorrrrddddssss::::
|
||||
|
||||
Text after a pound sign (####) is considered a comment.
|
||||
Words that begin with a percent sign (%%%%) are assumed to be
|
||||
UN*X groups (%staff refers to users in the group _s_t_a_f_f).
|
||||
Words that begin with a plus sign (++++) are assumed to be
|
||||
netgroups (++++ccccsssshhhhoooossssttttssss refers to the netgroup _c_s_h_o_s_t_s). Long
|
||||
lines can be newline escaped with the backslash \\\\
|
||||
character.
|
||||
The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless
|
||||
it occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by
|
||||
one or more digits, in which case it is treated as a uid).
|
||||
Both the comment character and any text after it, up to
|
||||
the end of the line, are ignored.
|
||||
|
||||
The reserved word NNNNOOOOPPPPAAAASSSSSSSSWWWWDDDD indicates that a user need not
|
||||
enter a password for the command listed in that entry.
|
||||
The NNNNOOOOPPPPAAAASSSSSSSSWWWWDDDD modifier is persistent across entries in a
|
||||
_u_s_e_r_-_l_i_s_t and can be reversed with the PPPPAAAASSSSSSSSWWWWDDDD modifier.
|
||||
The reserved word AAAALLLLLLLL is a a built in _a_l_i_a_s that always
|
||||
causes a match to succeed. It can be used wherever one
|
||||
might otherwise use a Cmnd_Alias, User_Alias, Runas_Alias,
|
||||
or Host_Alias. You should not try to define your own
|
||||
_a_l_i_a_s called AAAALLLLLLLL as the built in alias will be used in
|
||||
preference to your own.
|
||||
|
||||
The reserved alias _A_L_L can be used for both
|
||||
{Host,User,Cmnd}_Alias. DDDDOOOO NNNNOOOOTTTT define an alias of _A_L_L, it
|
||||
will NNNNOOOOTTTT be used. Note that _A_L_L implies the entire
|
||||
universe of hosts/users/commands. You can subtract
|
||||
An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical _n_o_t
|
||||
operator both in an _a_l_i_a_s and in front of a Cmnd. This
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
22/Jun/1999 1.6 3
|
||||
25/Aug/1999 1.6 5
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
sudoers(5) FILE FORMATS sudoers(5)
|
||||
SUDOERS(5) FILE FORMATS SUDOERS(5)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
elements from the universe by using the syntax:
|
||||
allows one to exclude certain values. Note, however, that
|
||||
using a ! in conjunction with the built in ALL alias to
|
||||
allow a user to run "all but a few" commands rarely works
|
||||
as intended (see SECURITY NOTES below).
|
||||
|
||||
user host=ALL,!ALIAS1,!/sbin/halt...
|
||||
Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\\') as the
|
||||
last character on the line.
|
||||
|
||||
Commands may have optional command line arguments. If
|
||||
they do, then the arguments in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file must
|
||||
exactly match those on the command line. It is also
|
||||
possible to have a command's arguments span multiple lines
|
||||
as long as the line continuance character "\" is used.
|
||||
The following characters must be escaped with a "\" if
|
||||
used in command arguments: ",", ":", "=", "\".
|
||||
Whitespace between elements in a list as well as specicial
|
||||
syntactic characters in a _U_s_e_r _S_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n ('=', ':',
|
||||
'(', ')') is optional.
|
||||
|
||||
EEEEXXXXAAAAMMMMPPPPLLLLEEEESSSS
|
||||
# Host alias specification
|
||||
Host_Alias HUB=houdini:\
|
||||
REMOTE=merlin,kodiakthorn,spirit
|
||||
Host_Alias SERVERS=houdini,merlin,kodiakthorn,spirit
|
||||
Host_Alias CUNETS=128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
|
||||
Host_Alias CSNETS=128.138.243.0,128.138.204.0,\
|
||||
128.138.205.192
|
||||
Below are example _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entries. Admittedly, some of
|
||||
these are a bit contrived. First, we define our _a_l_i_a_s_e_s:
|
||||
|
||||
# User alias specification
|
||||
User_Alias FULLTIME=millert,dowdy,mikef
|
||||
User_Alias PARTTIME=juola,mccreary,tor
|
||||
User_Alias FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
|
||||
User_Alias PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl
|
||||
User_Alias WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim
|
||||
|
||||
# Runas alias specification
|
||||
Runas_Alias OP = root, operator
|
||||
Runas_Alias DB = oracle, sybase
|
||||
|
||||
# Command alias specification
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias LPCS=/usr/sbin/lpc,/usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SHELLS=/bin/sh,/bin/csh,/bin/tcsh,/bin/ksh
|
||||
# Host alias specification
|
||||
Host_Alias SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\
|
||||
SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\
|
||||
ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\
|
||||
HPPA = boa, nag, python
|
||||
Host_Alias CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
|
||||
Host_Alias CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0
|
||||
Host_Alias SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns
|
||||
Host_Alias CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules
|
||||
|
||||
# Cmnd alias specification
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\
|
||||
/usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias KILL = /usr/bin/kill
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias HALT = /usr/sbin/halt, /usr/sbin/fasthalt
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot, /usr/sbin/fastboot
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, \
|
||||
/usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, \
|
||||
/usr/local/bin/zsh
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias MISC=/bin/rm,/bin/cat:\
|
||||
SHUTDOWN=/sbin/halt,/sbin/shutdown
|
||||
|
||||
# User specification
|
||||
FULLTIME ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
%wheel ALL=ALL
|
||||
PARTTIME ALL=ALL,!SHELLS,!SU
|
||||
+interns +openlabs=ALL,!SHELLS,!SU
|
||||
britt REMOTE=SHUTDOWN:ALL=LPCS
|
||||
jimbo CUNETS=/usr/bin/su [!-]*,!/usr/bin/su *root*
|
||||
nieusma SERVERS=SHUTDOWN,/sbin/reboot:\
|
||||
HUB=ALL,!SHELLS
|
||||
jill houdini=/sbin/shutdown -[hr] now,MISC
|
||||
markm HUB=ALL,!MISC,!/sbin/shutdown,!/sbin/halt
|
||||
davehieb merlin=(OP) ALL:SERVERS=/sbin/halt:\
|
||||
kodiakthorn=NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
steve CSNETS=(operator) /usr/op_commands/
|
||||
The _U_s_e_r _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n is the part that actually
|
||||
determines who may run what.
|
||||
|
||||
root ALL = (ALL) ALL
|
||||
%wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
25/Aug/1999 1.6 6
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
SUDOERS(5) FILE FORMATS SUDOERS(5)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We let rrrrooooooootttt and any user in group wwwwhhhheeeeeeeellll run any command on
|
||||
any host as any user.
|
||||
|
||||
FULLTIMERS ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
|
||||
Full time sysadmins (mmmmiiiilllllllleeeerrrrtttt, mmmmiiiikkkkeeeeffff, and ddddoooowwwwddddyyyy) may run
|
||||
any command on any host without authenticating themselves.
|
||||
|
||||
PARTTIMERS ALL = ALL
|
||||
|
||||
Part time sysadmins (bbbboooossssttttlllleeeeyyyy, jjjjwwwwffffooooxxxx, and ccccrrrraaaawwwwllll) may run
|
||||
any command on any host but they must authenticate
|
||||
themselves first (since the entry lacks the NOPASSWD tag).
|
||||
|
||||
jack CSNETS = ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The user jjjjaaaacccckkkk may run any command on the machines in the
|
||||
_C_S_N_E_T_S alias (the networks 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0,
|
||||
and 128.138.242.0). Of those networks, only
|
||||
<128.138.204.0> has an explicit netmask (in CIDR notation)
|
||||
indicating it is a class C network. For the other
|
||||
networks in _C_S_N_E_T_S, the local machine's netmask will be
|
||||
used during matching.
|
||||
|
||||
lisa CUNETS = ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The user lllliiiissssaaaa may run any command on any host in the
|
||||
_C_U_N_E_T_S alias (the class B network 128.138.0.0).
|
||||
|
||||
operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\
|
||||
/usr/oper/bin/
|
||||
|
||||
The ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttoooorrrr user may run commands limited to simple
|
||||
maintenance. Here, those are commands related to backups,
|
||||
killing processes, the printing system, shutting down the
|
||||
system, and any commands in the directory _/_u_s_r_/_o_p_e_r_/_b_i_n_/.
|
||||
|
||||
joe ALL = /usr/bin/su operator
|
||||
|
||||
The user jjjjooooeeee may only _s_u(1) to operator.
|
||||
|
||||
pete HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
|
||||
|
||||
The user ppppeeeetttteeee is allowed to change anyone's password
|
||||
except for root on the _H_P_P_A machines. Note that this
|
||||
assumes _p_a_s_s_w_d(1) does not take multiple usernames on the
|
||||
command line.
|
||||
|
||||
bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The user bbbboooobbbb may run anything on the _S_P_A_R_C and _S_G_I
|
||||
machines as any user listed in the _O_P Runas_Alias (rrrrooooooootttt
|
||||
and ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttoooorrrr).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
22/Jun/1999 1.6 4
|
||||
|
||||
25/Aug/1999 1.6 7
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
sudoers(5) FILE FORMATS sudoers(5)
|
||||
SUDOERS(5) FILE FORMATS SUDOERS(5)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
HHHHoooosssstttt AAAAlllliiiiaaaassss ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss::::
|
||||
jim +biglab = ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The are four _h_o_s_t _a_l_i_a_s_e_s. The first actually contains
|
||||
two _a_l_i_a_s_e_s. It sets HUB to be houdini and REMOTE to the
|
||||
three machines merlin, kodiakthorn and spirit. Similarly,
|
||||
SERVERS is set to the machines houdini, merlin,
|
||||
kodiakthorn and spirit. The CSNETS alias will match any
|
||||
host on the 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0, or
|
||||
128.138.205.192 nets. The CUNETS alias will match any
|
||||
host on the 128.138.0.0 (class B) network. Note that
|
||||
these are nnnneeeettttwwwwoooorrrrkkkk addresses, not ip addresses. Unless an
|
||||
explicit netmask is given, the local _n_e_t_m_a_s_k is used to
|
||||
determine whether or not the current host belongs to a
|
||||
network.
|
||||
The user jjjjiiiimmmm may run any command on machines in the _b_i_g_l_a_b
|
||||
netgroup. SSSSuuuuddddoooo knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to
|
||||
the '+' prefix.
|
||||
|
||||
UUUUsssseeeerrrr AAAAlllliiiiaaaassss ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss::::
|
||||
+secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
|
||||
|
||||
The two _u_s_e_r _a_l_i_a_s_e_s simply groups the FULLTIME and
|
||||
PARTTIME folks into two separate aliases.
|
||||
Users in the sssseeeeccccrrrreeeettttaaaarrrriiiieeeessss netgroup need to help manage the
|
||||
printers as well as add and remove users, so they are
|
||||
allowed to run those commands on all machines.
|
||||
|
||||
CCCCoooommmmmmmmaaaannnndddd aaaalllliiiiaaaassss ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss::::
|
||||
fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
|
||||
Command aliases are lists of commands with or without
|
||||
associated command line arguments. The entries above
|
||||
should be self-explanatory.
|
||||
The user ffffrrrreeeedddd can run commands as any user in the _D_B
|
||||
Runas_Alias (oooorrrraaaacccclllleeee or ssssyyyybbbbaaaasssseeee) without giving a password.
|
||||
|
||||
UUUUsssseeeerrrr ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnnssss::::
|
||||
john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
|
||||
|
||||
On the _A_L_P_H_A machines, user jjjjoooohhhhnnnn may su to anyone except
|
||||
root but he is not allowed to give _s_u(1) any flags.
|
||||
|
||||
jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The user jjjjeeeennnn may run any command on any machine except for
|
||||
those in the _S_E_R_V_E_R_S Host_Alias (master, mail, www and
|
||||
ns).
|
||||
|
||||
jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
|
||||
|
||||
For any machine in the _S_E_R_V_E_R_S Host_Alias, jjjjiiiillllllll may run
|
||||
any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those
|
||||
commands belonging to the _S_U and _S_H_E_L_L_S Cmnd_Aliases.
|
||||
|
||||
steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
|
||||
|
||||
The user sssstttteeeevvvveeee may run any command in the directory
|
||||
/usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator.
|
||||
|
||||
matt valkyrie = KILL
|
||||
|
||||
On his personal workstation, valkyrie, mmmmaaaatttttttt needs to be
|
||||
able to kill hung processes.
|
||||
|
||||
WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
|
||||
|
||||
On the host www, any user in the _W_E_B_M_A_S_T_E_R_S User_Alias
|
||||
(will, wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www
|
||||
(which owns the web pages) or simply _s_u(1) to www.
|
||||
|
||||
ALL CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\
|
||||
/sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
|
||||
|
||||
Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
FULLTIME Full-time sysadmins in the FULLTIME alias
|
||||
may run any command on any host as any
|
||||
user without a password.
|
||||
|
||||
%wheel Any user in the UN*X group wheel may run
|
||||
any command on any host.
|
||||
|
||||
PARTTIME Part-time sysadmins in the PARTTIME alias
|
||||
may run any command except those in the
|
||||
SHELLS and SU aliases on any host.
|
||||
|
||||
+interns Any user in the netgroup interns may run
|
||||
any command except those in the SHELLS and
|
||||
SU aliases on any host that is in the
|
||||
openlabs netgroup.
|
||||
|
||||
britt The user britt may run commands in the
|
||||
SHUTDOWN alias on the REMOTE machines and
|
||||
commands in the LPCS alias on any machine.
|
||||
|
||||
jimbo The user jimbo may su to any user save
|
||||
root on the machines on CUNETS (which is
|
||||
explicitly listed as a class B network).
|
||||
25/Aug/1999 1.6 8
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
22/Jun/1999 1.6 5
|
||||
SUDOERS(5) FILE FORMATS SUDOERS(5)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
the CDROM Host_Alias (orion, perseus, hercules) without
|
||||
entering a password. This is a bit tedious for users to
|
||||
type, so it is a prime candiate for encapsulating in a
|
||||
shell script.
|
||||
|
||||
SSSSEEEECCCCUUUURRRRIIIITTTTYYYY NNNNOOOOTTTTEEEESSSS
|
||||
It is generally not effective to "subtract" commands from
|
||||
ALL using the '!' operator. A user can trivially
|
||||
circumvent this by copying the desired command to a
|
||||
different name and then executing that. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
|
||||
|
||||
sudoers(5) FILE FORMATS sudoers(5)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
nieusma The user nieusma may run commands in the
|
||||
SHUTDOWN alias as well as _/_s_b_i_n_/_r_e_b_o_o_t on
|
||||
the SERVER machines and any command except
|
||||
those in the SHELLS alias on the HUB
|
||||
machines.
|
||||
|
||||
jill The user jill may run /sbin/shutdown -h
|
||||
now or /sbin/shutdown -r now as well as
|
||||
the commands in the MISC alias on houdini.
|
||||
|
||||
markm The user markm may run any command on the
|
||||
HUB machines except _/_s_b_i_n_/_s_h_u_t_d_o_w_n,
|
||||
_/_s_b_i_n_/_h_a_l_t, and commands listed in the
|
||||
MISC alias.
|
||||
|
||||
davehieb The user davehieb may run any command on
|
||||
merlin as any user in the Runas_Alias OP
|
||||
(ie: root or operator). He may also run
|
||||
_/_s_b_i_n_/_h_a_l_t on the SERVERS and any command
|
||||
on kodiakthorn (no password required on
|
||||
kodiakthorn).
|
||||
|
||||
steve The user steve may run any command in the
|
||||
_/_u_s_r_/_o_p___c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s_/ directory as user
|
||||
operator on the machines on CSNETS.
|
||||
Doesn't really prevent bbbbiiiillllllll from running the commands
|
||||
listed in _S_U or _S_H_E_L_L_S since he can simply copy those
|
||||
commands to a different name, or use a shell escape from
|
||||
an editor or other program. Therefore, these kind of
|
||||
restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and
|
||||
reinforced by policy).
|
||||
|
||||
CCCCAAAAVVVVEEEEAAAATTTTSSSS
|
||||
The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file should aaaallllwwwwaaaayyyyssss be edited by the vvvviiiissssuuuuddddoooo
|
||||
command which locks the file and does grammatical
|
||||
checking. It is imperative that the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s be free of
|
||||
syntax errors since sudo will not run with a syntactically
|
||||
checking. It is imperative that _s_u_d_o_e_r_s be free of syntax
|
||||
errors since ssssuuuuddddoooo will not run with a syntactically
|
||||
incorrect _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.
|
||||
|
||||
FFFFIIIILLLLEEEESSSS
|
||||
/etc/sudoers file of authorized users.
|
||||
/etc/netgroup list of network groups.
|
||||
/etc/sudoers List of who can run what
|
||||
/etc/group Local groups file
|
||||
/etc/netgroup List of network groups
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO
|
||||
@@ -391,18 +584,18 @@ SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
22/Jun/1999 1.6 6
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
sudoers(5) FILE FORMATS sudoers(5)
|
||||
25/Aug/1999 1.6 9
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
SUDOERS(5) FILE FORMATS SUDOERS(5)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -457,6 +650,11 @@ sudoers(5) FILE FORMATS sudoers(5)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
22/Jun/1999 1.6 7
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
25/Aug/1999 1.6 10
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
685
sudoers.html
685
sudoers.html
@@ -14,27 +14,18 @@
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#user_specification_format_">user specification format:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#host_alias_section_format_">host alias section format:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#user_alias_section_format_">user alias section format:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#runas_alias_section_format_">runas alias section format:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#command_alias_section_format_">command alias section format:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#command_specification_">command specification:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#persistence_of_modifiers">persistence of modifiers</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#wildcards_aka_meta_characters_">wildcards (aka meta characters):</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#exceptions_to_wildcard_rules_">exceptions to wildcard rules:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#other_special_characters_and_res">other special characters and reserved words:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#Quick_guide_to_EBNF">Quick guide to EBNF</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#Aliases">Aliases</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#User_Specification">User Specification</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#Runas_Spec">Runas_Spec</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#NOPASSWD_and_PASSWD">NOPASSWD and PASSWD</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#Wildcards_aka_meta_characters_">Wildcards (aka meta characters):</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#Exceptions_to_wildcard_rules_">Exceptions to wildcard rules:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#Other_special_characters_and_res">Other special characters and reserved words:</A>
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</A>
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#Host_Alias_specifications_">Host Alias specifications:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#User_Alias_specifications_">User Alias specifications:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#Command_alias_specifications_">Command alias specifications:</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#User_specifications_">User specifications:</A>
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#SECURITY_NOTES">SECURITY NOTES</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#CAVEATS">CAVEATS</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#FILES">FILES</A>
|
||||
<LI><A HREF="#SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A>
|
||||
@@ -46,147 +37,266 @@
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H1><A NAME="NAME">NAME</A></H1>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
sudoers - list of which users may execute what as root
|
||||
sudoers - list of which users may execute what
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H1><A NAME="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A></H1>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The <EM>sudoers</EM> file is composed of an optional host alias section, an optional command
|
||||
alias section and the user specification section. All command or host
|
||||
aliases need to start with their respective keywords (ie: Host_Alias,
|
||||
User_Alias, Runas_Alias or Cmnd_Alias). If there are multiple occurrences
|
||||
of a user, the logical union of the entries will be used. Note that if
|
||||
there is an entry that denies access to a command that is followed by an
|
||||
entry that grants access the user will be allowed to run the command.
|
||||
The <EM>sudoers</EM> file is composed two types of entries: aliases (basically variables) and
|
||||
user specifications (which specify who may run what). The grammar of <EM>sudoers</EM>
|
||||
will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF). Don't despair
|
||||
if you don't know what EBNF is, it is fairly simple and the definitions
|
||||
below are annotated.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="user_specification_format_">user specification format:</A></H2>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="Quick_guide_to_EBNF">Quick guide to EBNF</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> user access_group [: access_group] ...
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> access_group ::= host-list = [(runas-list)] [NOPASSWD:] [op]cmnd_type
|
||||
[,[(user-list)] [NOPASSWD|PASSWD:] [op]cmnd_type] ...
|
||||
cmnd_type ::= a command OR a command alias.
|
||||
op ::= the logical "!" NOT operator.
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="host_alias_section_format_">host alias section format:</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Host_Alias HOSTALIAS = host-list
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Host_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
HOSTALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
host-list ::= a comma separated list of hosts, netgroups,
|
||||
ip addresses, networks. A logical "!"
|
||||
NOT operator may be prefixed to any of these.
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="user_alias_section_format_">user alias section format:</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> User_Alias USERALIAS = user-list
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> User_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
USERALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
user-list ::= a comma separated list of users, groups, netgroups.
|
||||
A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
|
||||
of these.
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="runas_alias_section_format_">runas alias section format:</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Runas_Alias RUNASALIAS = runas-list
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Runas_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
RUNASALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
runas-list ::= a comma separated list of users, groups, netgroups.
|
||||
A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
|
||||
of these.
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="command_alias_section_format_">command alias section format:</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Cmnd_Alias CMNDALIAS = cmnd-list
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Cmnd_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
CMNDALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
cmnd-list ::= a comma separated list commands.
|
||||
A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
|
||||
of these.
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="command_specification_">command specification:</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> path arg1 arg2 .. argn = command
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> path ::= a fully qualified pathname.
|
||||
arg[1..n] ::= optional command line arguments.
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="persistence_of_modifiers">persistence of modifiers</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
When a <EM>runas-list</EM> is specified for an <EM>access_group</EM>, it affects all commands in the <EM>access_group</EM>. For example, given:
|
||||
EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.
|
||||
Each EBNF definition is made up of <EM>production rules</EM>. Eg.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> oper bigserver = (root, sysadm) /usr/bin/kill, /bin/rm
|
||||
<PRE> symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
User <CODE>oper</CODE> will be able to run <CODE>/usr/bin/kill</CODE> and <CODE>/bin/rm</CODE>
|
||||
as <STRONG>root</STRONG> or <STRONG>sysadm</STRONG> on the machine, <CODE>bigserver</CODE>. The
|
||||
<EM>runas-list</EM> is ``sticky'' across entries in the comma-separated
|
||||
<EM>access_group</EM>. You can override the <EM>runas-list</EM> with another one, at which point the new <EM>runas-list</EM> becomes the default for that <EM>access_group</EM>. For example, given:
|
||||
Each <EM>production rule</EM> references others and thus makes up a grammar for the language. EBNF also
|
||||
contains the following operators, which many readers will recognize from
|
||||
regular expressions. Do not, however, confuse them with ``wildcard''
|
||||
characters, which have different meanings.
|
||||
|
||||
<DL>
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item__">?</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> oper bigserver = (root, sysadm) /usr/bin/kill, (root) /bin/rm, \
|
||||
/bin/rmdir
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
User <CODE>oper</CODE> can still run <CODE>/usr/bin/kill</CODE> as <STRONG>root</STRONG> or <STRONG>sysadm</STRONG> but can only run <CODE>/bin/rm</CODE> and <CODE>/bin/rmdir</CODE> as <STRONG>root</STRONG>.
|
||||
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional. That is,
|
||||
it may appear once or not at all.
|
||||
|
||||
<LI>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Similarly, the <STRONG>NOPASSWD</STRONG> modifier is also persistent across an
|
||||
<EM>access_group</EM>. For example given:
|
||||
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear zero or
|
||||
more times.
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item__">+</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> oper bigserver = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/kill, /bin/rm, /bin/rmdir
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
User <CODE>oper</CODE> will be able to run <CODE>/usr/bin/kill</CODE>, <CODE>/bin/rm</CODE>, and
|
||||
<CODE>/bin/rmdir</CODE> as <STRONG>root</STRONG> without a password. If we change that to:
|
||||
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear one or
|
||||
more times.
|
||||
|
||||
</DL>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> oper bigserver = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/rm, /bin/rmdir
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
User <CODE>oper</CODE> can still run <CODE>/usr/bin/kill</CODE> without a password but must give a password to run <CODE>/bin/rm</CODE> and <CODE>/bin/rmdir</CODE>.
|
||||
Parentheses may be used to group symbols together. For clarity, we will use
|
||||
single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character string (as
|
||||
opposed to a symbol name).
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="wildcards_aka_meta_characters_">wildcards (aka meta characters):</A></H2>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="Aliases">Aliases</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<STRONG>sudo</STRONG> allows shell-style <EM>wildcards</EM> along with command arguments in the <EM>sudoers</EM> file. Wildcard matching is done via the <STRONG>POSIX</STRONG>
|
||||
There are four kinds of aliases: the <CODE>User_Alias</CODE>, <CODE>Runas_Alias</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>Host_Alias</CODE> and <CODE>Cmnd_Alias</CODE>.
|
||||
|
||||
<CODE>fnmatch(3)</CODE> routine.
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Alias ::= User_Alias = User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
|
||||
Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
|
||||
Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_User_List
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Each <EM>alias</EM> definition is of the form
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
where <EM>Alias_Type</EM> is one of <CODE>User_Alias</CODE>, <CODE>Runas_Alias</CODE>, <CODE>Host_Alias</CODE>, or <CODE>Cmnd_Alias</CODE>. A <CODE>NAME</CODE> is a string of upper case letters, numbers, and the underscore characters
|
||||
('_'). A <CODE>NAME</CODE> <STRONG>must</STRONG> start with an upper case letter. It is possible to put several alias
|
||||
definitions of the same type on a single line, joined by a semicolon (':').
|
||||
Eg.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The definitions of what constitutes a valid <EM>alias</EM> member follow.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> User_List ::= User |
|
||||
User ',' User_List
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> User ::= '!'* username |
|
||||
'!'* '#'uid |
|
||||
'!'* '%'group |
|
||||
'!'* '+'netgroup |
|
||||
'!'* User_Alias
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
A <CODE>User_List</CODE> is made up of one or more usernames, uids (prefixed with '#'), System
|
||||
groups (prefixed with '%'), netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other
|
||||
aliases. Each list item may be prefixed with one or more '!' operators. An
|
||||
odd number of '!' operators negates the value of the item; an even number
|
||||
just cancel each other out.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Runas_List ::= Runas_User |
|
||||
Runas_User ',' Runas_List
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Runas_User ::= '!'* username |
|
||||
'!'* '#'uid |
|
||||
'!'* '%'group |
|
||||
'!'* +netgroup |
|
||||
'!'* Runas_Alias
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Likewise, a <CODE>Runas_List</CODE> has the same possible elements as a <CODE>User_List</CODE>, except that it can include a <CODE>Runas_Alias</CODE>, instead of a <CODE>User_Alias</CODE>.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Host_List ::= Host |
|
||||
Host ',' Host_List
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Host ::= '!'* hostname |
|
||||
'!'* ip_addr |
|
||||
'!'* network(/netmask)? |
|
||||
'!'* '+'netgroup |
|
||||
'!'* Host_Alias
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
A <CODE>Host_List</CODE> is made up of one or more hostnames, IP addresses, network numbers,
|
||||
netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases. Again, the value of an
|
||||
item may be negated with the '!' operator. If you do not specify a netmask
|
||||
with a network number, the netmask of the host's ethernet
|
||||
<CODE>interface(s)</CODE> will be used when matching. The netmask may be
|
||||
specified either in dotted quad notation (eg. 255.255.255.0) or CIDR
|
||||
notation (number of bits, eg. 24).
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
|
||||
Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> commandname ::= filename |
|
||||
filename args |
|
||||
filename '""'
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname |
|
||||
'!'* directory |
|
||||
'!'* Cmnd_Alias
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
A <CODE>Cmnd_List</CODE> is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other aliases. A
|
||||
commandname is a fully-qualified filename which may include shell-style
|
||||
wildcards (see `Wildcards' section below). A simple filename allows the
|
||||
user to run the command with any arguments he/she wishes. However, you may
|
||||
also command line arguments (including wildcards). Alternately, you can
|
||||
specify <CODE>""</CODE> to indicate that the command may only be run <STRONG>without</STRONG> command line arguments. A directory is a fully qualified pathname ending in
|
||||
a '/'. When you specify a directory in a <CODE>Cmnd_List</CODE>, the user will be able to run any file within that directory (but not in
|
||||
any subdirectories therein).
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
If a <CODE>Cmnd</CODE> has associated command line arguments, then the arguments in the <CODE>Cmnd</CODE> must match exactly those given by the user on the command line (or match
|
||||
the wildcards if there are any). Note that the following characters must be
|
||||
escaped with a '\' if they are used in command arguments: ',', ':', '=',
|
||||
'\\'.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="User_Specification">User Specification</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List ')'
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:')? Cmnd
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
|
||||
Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> User_Spec ::= User_list Cmnd_Spec_List (':' User_Spec)*
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
A <STRONG>user specification</STRONG> determines which commands a user may run (and as what user) on specified
|
||||
hosts. By default, commands are run as <STRONG>root</STRONG> but this can be changed on a per-command basis.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="Runas_Spec">Runas_Spec</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
A <CODE>Runas_Spec</CODE> is simply a <CODE>Runas_List</CODE> (as defined above) enclosed in a set of parentheses. If you do not specify
|
||||
a
|
||||
<CODE>Runas_Spec</CODE> in the user specification, a default <CODE>Runas_Spec</CODE>
|
||||
of <STRONG>root</STRONG> will be used. A <CODE>Runas_Spec</CODE> sets the default for commands that follow it. What this means is that for
|
||||
the entry:
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <STRONG>dgb</STRONG> may run <EM>/bin/ls</EM>, <EM>/bin/kill</EM>, and
|
||||
<EM>/usr/bin/lprm</EM> -- but only as <STRONG>operator</STRONG>. Eg.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
It is also possible to override a <CODE>Runas_Spec</CODE> later on in an entry. If we modify the entry like so:
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Then user <STRONG>dgb</STRONG> is now allowed to run <EM>/bin/ls</EM> as <STRONG>operator</STRONG>, but <EM>/bin/kill</EM> and <EM>/usr/bin/lprm</EM> as <STRONG>root</STRONG>.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="NOPASSWD_and_PASSWD">NOPASSWD and PASSWD</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
By default, <STRONG>sudo</STRONG> requires that a user authenticate him or herself before running a command.
|
||||
This behavior can be modified via the
|
||||
<CODE>NOPASSWD</CODE> tag. Like a <CODE>Runas_Spec</CODE>, the <CODE>NOPASSWD</CODE> tag sets a default for the commands that follow it in the <CODE>Cmnd_Spec_List</CODE>. Conversely, the <CODE>PASSWD</CODE> tag can be used to reverse things. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
would allow the user <STRONG>ray</STRONG> to run <EM>/bin/kill</EM>, <EM>/bin/ls</EM>, and
|
||||
<EM>/usr/bin/lprm</EM> as root on the machine rushmore as <STRONG>root</STRONG> without authenticating himself. If we only want <STRONG>ray</STRONG> to be able to run <EM>/bin/kill</EM> without a password the entry would be:
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="Wildcards_aka_meta_characters_">Wildcards (aka meta characters):</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<STRONG>sudo</STRONG> allows shell-style <EM>wildcards</EM> to be used in pathnames as well as command line arguments in the <EM>sudoers</EM> file. Wildcard matching is done via the <STRONG>POSIX</STRONG> <CODE>fnmatch(3)</CODE> routine. Note that these are <EM>not</EM> regular expressions.
|
||||
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
<LI>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Matches any set of zero or more characters.
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item__">?</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<DT><STRONG>?</STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Matches any single character.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -204,9 +314,19 @@ For any character ``x'', evaluates to ``x''. This is used to escape special
|
||||
characters such as: ``*'', ``?'', ``['', and ``}''.
|
||||
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Note that a forward slash ('/') will <STRONG>not</STRONG> be matched by wildcards used in the pathname. When matching the command
|
||||
line arguments, however, as slash <STRONG>does</STRONG> get matched by wildcards. This is to make a path like:
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> /usr/bin/*
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
match <CODE>/usr/bin/who</CODE> but not <CODE>/usr/bin/X11/xterm</CODE>.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="exceptions_to_wildcard_rules_">exceptions to wildcard rules:</A></H2>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="Exceptions_to_wildcard_rules_">Exceptions to wildcard rules:</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -214,175 +334,246 @@ The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item__">""</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
If the empty string <CODE>""</CODE> is the only command line argument in the
|
||||
<EM>sudoers</EM> entry it means that command may take <STRONG>no</STRONG> arguments.
|
||||
<EM>sudoers</EM> entry it means that command is not allowed to be run with <STRONG>any</STRONG> arguments.
|
||||
|
||||
</DL>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="other_special_characters_and_res">other special characters and reserved words:</A></H2>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="Other_special_characters_and_res">Other special characters and reserved words:</A></H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Text after a pound sign (<STRONG>#</STRONG>) is considered a comment. Words that begin with a percent sign (<STRONG>%</STRONG>) are assumed to be UN*X groups (%staff refers to users in the group <EM>staff</EM>). Words that begin with a plus sign (<STRONG>+</STRONG>) are assumed to be netgroups (<STRONG>+cshosts</STRONG> refers to the netgroup <EM>cshosts</EM>). Long lines can be newline escaped with the backslash <STRONG>\</STRONG> character.
|
||||
The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it occurs in the
|
||||
context of a user name and is followed by one or more digits, in which case
|
||||
it is treated as a uid). Both the comment character and any text after it,
|
||||
up to the end of the line, are ignored.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The reserved word <STRONG>NOPASSWD</STRONG> indicates that a user need not enter a password for the command listed in
|
||||
that entry. The
|
||||
<STRONG>NOPASSWD</STRONG> modifier is persistent across entries in a <EM>user-list</EM>
|
||||
and can be reversed with the <STRONG>PASSWD</STRONG> modifier.
|
||||
The reserved word <STRONG>ALL</STRONG> is a a built in <EM>alias</EM> that always causes a match to succeed. It can be used wherever one might
|
||||
otherwise use a <CODE>Cmnd_Alias</CODE>, <CODE>User_Alias</CODE>, <CODE>Runas_Alias</CODE>, or <CODE>Host_Alias</CODE>. You should not try to define your own <EM>alias</EM> called <STRONG>ALL</STRONG> as the built in alias will be used in preference to your own.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The reserved alias <EM>ALL</EM> can be used for both {Host,User,Cmnd}_Alias.
|
||||
<STRONG>DO NOT</STRONG> define an alias of <EM>ALL</EM>, it will <STRONG>NOT</STRONG> be used. Note that <EM>ALL</EM> implies the entire universe of hosts/users/commands. You can subtract
|
||||
elements from the universe by using the syntax:
|
||||
An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical <EM>not</EM> operator both in an <EM>alias</EM> and in front of a <CODE>Cmnd</CODE>. This allows one to exclude certain values. Note, however, that using a <CODE>!</CODE> in conjunction with the built in <CODE>ALL</CODE> alias to allow a user to run ``all but a few'' commands rarely works as
|
||||
intended (see SECURITY NOTES below).
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> user host=ALL,!ALIAS1,!/sbin/halt...
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\\') as the last character
|
||||
on the line.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Commands may have optional command line arguments. If they do, then the
|
||||
arguments in the <EM>sudoers</EM> file must exactly match those on the command line. It is also possible to
|
||||
have a command's arguments span multiple lines as long as the line
|
||||
continuance character ``\'' is used. The following characters must be
|
||||
escaped with a ``\'' if used in command arguments: ``,'', ``:'', ``='',
|
||||
``\''.
|
||||
Whitespace between elements in a list as well as specicial syntactic
|
||||
characters in a <EM>User Specification</EM> ('=', ':', '(', ')') is optional.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H1><A NAME="EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</A></H1>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> # Host alias specification
|
||||
Host_Alias HUB=houdini:\
|
||||
REMOTE=merlin,kodiakthorn,spirit
|
||||
Host_Alias SERVERS=houdini,merlin,kodiakthorn,spirit
|
||||
Host_Alias CUNETS=128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
|
||||
Host_Alias CSNETS=128.138.243.0,128.138.204.0,\
|
||||
128.138.205.192
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
Below are example <EM>sudoers</EM> entries. Admittedly, some of these are a bit contrived. First, we define
|
||||
our <EM>aliases</EM>:
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> # User alias specification
|
||||
User_Alias FULLTIME=millert,dowdy,mikef
|
||||
User_Alias PARTTIME=juola,mccreary,tor
|
||||
User_Alias FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
|
||||
User_Alias PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl
|
||||
User_Alias WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> # Runas alias specification
|
||||
Runas_Alias OP = root, operator
|
||||
Runas_Alias DB = oracle, sybase
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> # Command alias specification
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias LPCS=/usr/sbin/lpc,/usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SHELLS=/bin/sh,/bin/csh,/bin/tcsh,/bin/ksh
|
||||
<PRE> # Host alias specification
|
||||
Host_Alias SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\
|
||||
SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\
|
||||
ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\
|
||||
HPPA = boa, nag, python
|
||||
Host_Alias CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
|
||||
Host_Alias CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0
|
||||
Host_Alias SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns
|
||||
Host_Alias CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> # Cmnd alias specification
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\
|
||||
/usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias KILL = /usr/bin/kill
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias HALT = /usr/sbin/halt, /usr/sbin/fasthalt
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot, /usr/sbin/fastboot
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, \
|
||||
/usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, \
|
||||
/usr/local/bin/zsh
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias MISC=/bin/rm,/bin/cat:\
|
||||
SHUTDOWN=/sbin/halt,/sbin/shutdown
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> # User specification
|
||||
FULLTIME ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
%wheel ALL=ALL
|
||||
PARTTIME ALL=ALL,!SHELLS,!SU
|
||||
+interns +openlabs=ALL,!SHELLS,!SU
|
||||
britt REMOTE=SHUTDOWN:ALL=LPCS
|
||||
jimbo CUNETS=/usr/bin/su [!-]*,!/usr/bin/su *root*
|
||||
nieusma SERVERS=SHUTDOWN,/sbin/reboot:\
|
||||
HUB=ALL,!SHELLS
|
||||
jill houdini=/sbin/shutdown -[hr] now,MISC
|
||||
markm HUB=ALL,!MISC,!/sbin/shutdown,!/sbin/halt
|
||||
davehieb merlin=(OP) ALL:SERVERS=/sbin/halt:\
|
||||
kodiakthorn=NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
steve CSNETS=(operator) /usr/op_commands/
|
||||
The <EM>User specification</EM> is the part that actually determines who may run what.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> root ALL = (ALL) ALL
|
||||
%wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="Host_Alias_specifications_">Host Alias specifications:</A></H2>
|
||||
We let <STRONG>root</STRONG> and any user in group <STRONG>wheel</STRONG> run any command on any host as any user.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The are four <EM>host aliases</EM>. The first actually contains two <EM>aliases</EM>. It sets <CODE>HUB</CODE> to be <CODE>houdini</CODE> and <CODE>REMOTE</CODE>
|
||||
to the three machines <CODE>merlin</CODE>, <CODE>kodiakthorn</CODE> and <CODE>spirit</CODE>. Similarly, <CODE>SERVERS</CODE> is set to the machines <CODE>houdini</CODE>, <CODE>merlin</CODE>,
|
||||
<CODE>kodiakthorn</CODE> and <CODE>spirit</CODE>. The <CODE>CSNETS</CODE> alias will match any host on the 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0, or
|
||||
128.138.205.192 nets. The <CODE>CUNETS</CODE> alias will match any host on the 128.138.0.0 (class B) network. Note that
|
||||
these are <STRONG>network</STRONG> addresses, not ip addresses. Unless an explicit netmask is given, the local <EM>netmask</EM>
|
||||
is used to determine whether or not the current host belongs to a network.
|
||||
<PRE> FULLTIMERS ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Full time sysadmins (<STRONG>millert</STRONG>, <STRONG>mikef</STRONG>, and <STRONG>dowdy</STRONG>) may run any command on any host without authenticating themselves.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> PARTTIMERS ALL = ALL
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Part time sysadmins (<STRONG>bostley</STRONG>, <STRONG>jwfox</STRONG>, and <STRONG>crawl</STRONG>) may run any command on any host but they must authenticate themselves
|
||||
first (since the entry lacks the <CODE>NOPASSWD</CODE> tag).
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> jack CSNETS = ALL
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <STRONG>jack</STRONG> may run any command on the machines in the <EM>CSNETS</EM> alias (the networks <CODE>128.138.243.0</CODE>, <CODE>128.138.204.0</CODE>, and <CODE>128.138.242.0</CODE>). Of those networks, only <128.138.204.0> has an explicit netmask (in CIDR notation) indicating it
|
||||
is a class C network. For the other networks in <EM>CSNETS</EM>, the local machine's netmask will be used during matching.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> lisa CUNETS = ALL
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <STRONG>lisa</STRONG> may run any command on any host in the <EM>CUNETS</EM> alias (the class B network <CODE>128.138.0.0</CODE>).
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\
|
||||
/usr/oper/bin/
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The <STRONG>operator</STRONG> user may run commands limited to simple maintenance. Here, those are
|
||||
commands related to backups, killing processes, the printing system,
|
||||
shutting down the system, and any commands in the directory <EM>/usr/oper/bin/</EM>.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> joe ALL = /usr/bin/su operator
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <STRONG>joe</STRONG> may only <CODE>su(1)</CODE> to operator.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> pete HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <STRONG>pete</STRONG> is allowed to change anyone's password except for root on the <EM>HPPA</EM> machines. Note that this assumes <CODE>passwd(1)</CODE> does not take
|
||||
multiple usernames on the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <STRONG>bob</STRONG> may run anything on the <EM>SPARC</EM> and <EM>SGI</EM> machines as any user listed in the <EM>OP</EM> <CODE>Runas_Alias</CODE> (<STRONG>root</STRONG> and <STRONG>operator</STRONG>).
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> jim +biglab = ALL
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <STRONG>jim</STRONG> may run any command on machines in the <EM>biglab</EM> netgroup.
|
||||
<STRONG>Sudo</STRONG> knows that ``biglab'' is a netgroup due to the '+' prefix.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> +secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Users in the <STRONG>secretaries</STRONG> netgroup need to help manage the printers as well as add and remove users,
|
||||
so they are allowed to run those commands on all machines.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <STRONG>fred</STRONG> can run commands as any user in the <EM>DB</EM> <CODE>Runas_Alias</CODE>
|
||||
(<STRONG>oracle</STRONG> or <STRONG>sybase</STRONG>) without giving a password.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
On the <EM>ALPHA</EM> machines, user <STRONG>john</STRONG> may su to anyone except root but he is not allowed to give
|
||||
<CODE>su(1)</CODE> any flags.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <STRONG>jen</STRONG> may run any command on any machine except for those in the <EM>SERVERS</EM> <CODE>Host_Alias</CODE> (master, mail, www and ns).
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
For any machine in the <EM>SERVERS</EM> <CODE>Host_Alias</CODE>, <STRONG>jill</STRONG> may run any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands
|
||||
belonging to the <EM>SU</EM> and <EM>SHELLS</EM> <CODE>Cmnd_Aliases</CODE>.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <STRONG>steve</STRONG> may run any command in the directory /usr/local/op_commands/ but only as
|
||||
user operator.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> matt valkyrie = KILL
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
On his personal workstation, valkyrie, <STRONG>matt</STRONG> needs to be able to kill hung processes.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
On the host www, any user in the <EM>WEBMASTERS</EM> <CODE>User_Alias</CODE> (will, wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the web
|
||||
pages) or simply <CODE>su(1)</CODE> to www.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> ALL CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\
|
||||
/sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in the CDROM
|
||||
<CODE>Host_Alias</CODE> (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password. This is a bit
|
||||
tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candiate for encapsulating in a
|
||||
shell script.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="User_Alias_specifications_">User Alias specifications:</A></H2>
|
||||
<H1><A NAME="SECURITY_NOTES">SECURITY NOTES</A></H1>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The two <EM>user aliases</EM> simply groups the <A HREF="#item_FULLTIME">FULLTIME</A> and
|
||||
<A HREF="#item_PARTTIME">PARTTIME</A> folks into two separate aliases.
|
||||
It is generally not effective to ``subtract'' commands from <CODE>ALL</CODE>
|
||||
using the '!' operator. A user can trivially circumvent this by copying the
|
||||
desired command to a different name and then executing that. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="Command_alias_specifications_">Command alias specifications:</A></H2>
|
||||
<PRE> bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Command aliases are lists of commands with or without associated command
|
||||
line arguments. The entries above should be self-explanatory.
|
||||
Doesn't really prevent <STRONG>bill</STRONG> from running the commands listed in
|
||||
<EM>SU</EM> or <EM>SHELLS</EM> since he can simply copy those commands to a different name, or use a shell
|
||||
escape from an editor or other program. Therefore, these kind of
|
||||
restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and reinforced by
|
||||
policy).
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H2><A NAME="User_specifications_">User specifications:</A></H2>
|
||||
<DL>
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_FULLTIME">FULLTIME</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Full-time sysadmins in the <A HREF="#item_FULLTIME">FULLTIME</A> alias may run any command on any host as any user without a password.
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item__wheel">%wheel</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Any user in the UN*X group <CODE>wheel</CODE> may run any command on any host.
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_PARTTIME">PARTTIME</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Part-time sysadmins in the <A HREF="#item_PARTTIME">PARTTIME</A> alias may run any command except those in the <CODE>SHELLS</CODE> and <CODE>SU</CODE> aliases on any host.
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item__interns">+interns</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
Any user in the netgroup <CODE>interns</CODE> may run any command except those in the <CODE>SHELLS</CODE> and <CODE>SU</CODE> aliases on any host that is in the <CODE>openlabs</CODE> netgroup.
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_britt">britt</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <A HREF="#item_britt">britt</A> may run commands in the <CODE>SHUTDOWN</CODE> alias on the <CODE>REMOTE</CODE> machines and commands in the <CODE>LPCS</CODE> alias on any machine.
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_jimbo">jimbo</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <A HREF="#item_jimbo">jimbo</A> may <CODE>su</CODE> to any user save root on the machines on <CODE>CUNETS</CODE> (which is explicitly listed as a class B network).
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nieusma">nieusma</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <A HREF="#item_nieusma">nieusma</A> may run commands in the <CODE>SHUTDOWN</CODE> alias as well as <EM>/sbin/reboot</EM> on the <CODE>SERVER</CODE> machines and any command except those in the <CODE>SHELLS</CODE> alias on the <CODE>HUB</CODE>
|
||||
machines.
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_jill">jill</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <A HREF="#item_jill">jill</A> may run <CODE>/sbin/shutdown -h now</CODE> or
|
||||
<CODE>/sbin/shutdown -r now</CODE> as well as the commands in the
|
||||
<CODE>MISC</CODE> alias on houdini.
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_markm">markm</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <A HREF="#item_markm">markm</A> may run any command on the <CODE>HUB</CODE> machines except <EM>/sbin/shutdown</EM>, <EM>/sbin/halt</EM>, and commands listed in the <CODE>MISC</CODE> alias.
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_davehieb">davehieb</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <A HREF="#item_davehieb">davehieb</A> may run any command on <CODE>merlin</CODE> as any user in the Runas_Alias OP (ie: root or operator). He may also run <EM>/sbin/halt</EM> on the <CODE>SERVERS</CODE> and any command on <CODE>kodiakthorn</CODE> (no password required on <CODE>kodiakthorn</CODE>).
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_steve">steve</A></STRONG><DD>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The user <A HREF="#item_steve">steve</A> may run any command in the <EM>/usr/op_commands/</EM>
|
||||
directory as user <CODE>operator</CODE> on the machines on <CODE>CSNETS</CODE>.
|
||||
|
||||
</DL>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H1><A NAME="CAVEATS">CAVEATS</A></H1>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
The <EM>sudoers</EM> file should <STRONG>always</STRONG> be edited by the <STRONG>visudo</STRONG>
|
||||
command which locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is
|
||||
imperative that the <EM>sudoers</EM> be free of syntax errors since sudo will not run with a syntactically
|
||||
incorrect <EM>sudoers</EM> file.
|
||||
imperative that <EM>sudoers</EM> be free of syntax errors since <STRONG>sudo</STRONG>
|
||||
will not run with a syntactically incorrect <EM>sudoers</EM> file.
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
<H1><A NAME="FILES">FILES</A></H1>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<PRE> /etc/sudoers file of authorized users.
|
||||
/etc/netgroup list of network groups.
|
||||
<PRE> /etc/sudoers List of who can run what
|
||||
/etc/group Local groups file
|
||||
/etc/netgroup List of network groups
|
||||
</PRE>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR>
|
||||
|
||||
705
sudoers.man
705
sudoers.man
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
|
||||
''' $RCSfile$$Revision$$Date$
|
||||
'''
|
||||
''' $Log$
|
||||
''' Revision 1.10 1999/06/22 10:38:38 millert
|
||||
''' typos
|
||||
''' Revision 1.11 1999/08/26 09:00:58 millert
|
||||
''' new sudoers(8) man page
|
||||
'''
|
||||
'''
|
||||
.de Sh
|
||||
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
|
||||
.nr % 0
|
||||
.rr F
|
||||
.\}
|
||||
.TH sudoers 5 "1.6" "22/Jun/1999" "FILE FORMATS"
|
||||
.TH SUDOERS 5 "1.6" "25/Aug/1999" "FILE FORMATS"
|
||||
.UC
|
||||
.if n .hy 0
|
||||
.if n .na
|
||||
@@ -191,123 +191,230 @@
|
||||
.\}
|
||||
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
|
||||
.SH "NAME"
|
||||
sudoers \- list of which users may execute what as root
|
||||
sudoers \- list of which users may execute what
|
||||
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
|
||||
The \fIsudoers\fR file is composed of an optional host alias section,
|
||||
an optional command alias section and the user specification section.
|
||||
All command or host aliases need to start with their respective keywords
|
||||
(ie: Host_Alias, User_Alias, Runas_Alias or Cmnd_Alias).
|
||||
If there are multiple occurrences of a user, the logical union of the
|
||||
entries will be used. Note that if there is an entry that denies access
|
||||
to a command that is followed by an entry that grants access the user
|
||||
will be allowed to run the command.
|
||||
.Sh "user specification format:"
|
||||
The \fIsudoers\fR file is composed two types of entries:
|
||||
aliases (basically variables) and user specifications
|
||||
(which specify who may run what). The grammar of \fIsudoers\fR
|
||||
will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF).
|
||||
Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is, it is fairly
|
||||
simple and the definitions below are annotated.
|
||||
.Sh "Quick guide to \s-1EBNF\s0"
|
||||
\s-1EBNF\s0 is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.
|
||||
Each \s-1EBNF\s0 definition is made up of \fIproduction rules\fR. Eg.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& user access_group [: access_group] ...
|
||||
\& symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
Each \fIproduction rule\fR references others and thus makes up a
|
||||
grammar for the language. \s-1EBNF\s0 also contains the following
|
||||
operators, which many readers will recognize from regular
|
||||
expressions. Do not, however, confuse them with \*(L"wildcard\*(R"
|
||||
characters, which have different meanings.
|
||||
.Ip "\f(CW?\fR" 8
|
||||
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.
|
||||
That is, it may appear once or not at all.
|
||||
.Ip "\f(CW*\fR" 8
|
||||
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
|
||||
zero or more times.
|
||||
.Ip "\f(CW+\fR" 8
|
||||
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
|
||||
one or more times.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Parentheses may be used to group symbols together. For clarity,
|
||||
we will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character
|
||||
string (as opposed to a symbol name).
|
||||
.Sh "Aliases"
|
||||
There are four kinds of aliases: the \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR,
|
||||
\f(CWHost_Alias\fR and \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 4
|
||||
\& access_group ::= host-list = [(runas-list)] [NOPASSWD:] [op]cmnd_type
|
||||
\& [,[(user-list)] [NOPASSWD|PASSWD:] [op]cmnd_type] ...
|
||||
\& cmnd_type ::= a command OR a command alias.
|
||||
\& op ::= the logical "!" NOT operator.
|
||||
\& Alias ::= User_Alias = User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
|
||||
\& Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
|
||||
\& Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Sh "host alias section format:"
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_User_List
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
Each \fIalias\fR definition is of the form
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& Host_Alias HOSTALIAS = host-list
|
||||
\& Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 5
|
||||
\& Host_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
\& HOSTALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
\& host-list ::= a comma separated list of hosts, netgroups,
|
||||
\& ip addresses, networks. A logical "!"
|
||||
\& NOT operator may be prefixed to any of these.
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Sh "user alias section format:"
|
||||
where \fIAlias_Type\fR is one of \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR, \f(CWHost_Alias\fR,
|
||||
or \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR. A \f(CWNAME\fR is a string of upper case letters, numbers,
|
||||
and the underscore characters ('_'). A \f(CWNAME\fR \fBmust\fR start with an
|
||||
upper case letter. It is possible to put several alias definitions
|
||||
of the same type on a single line, joined by a semicolon (':'). Eg.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& User_Alias USERALIAS = user-list
|
||||
\& Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 5
|
||||
\& User_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
\& USERALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
\& user-list ::= a comma separated list of users, groups, netgroups.
|
||||
\& A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
|
||||
\& of these.
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Sh "runas alias section format:"
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& Runas_Alias RUNASALIAS = runas-list
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 5
|
||||
\& Runas_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
\& RUNASALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
\& runas-list ::= a comma separated list of users, groups, netgroups.
|
||||
\& A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
|
||||
\& of these.
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Sh "command alias section format:"
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias CMNDALIAS = cmnd-list
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 5
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
\& CMNDALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
\& cmnd-list ::= a comma separated list commands.
|
||||
\& A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
|
||||
\& of these.
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Sh "command specification:"
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& path arg1 arg2 .. argn = command
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& path ::= a fully qualified pathname.
|
||||
\& arg[1..n] ::= optional command line arguments.
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Sh "persistence of modifiers"
|
||||
When a \fIrunas-list\fR is specified for an \fIaccess_group\fR, it
|
||||
affects all commands in the \fIaccess_group\fR. For example, given:
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& oper bigserver = (root, sysadm) /usr/bin/kill, /bin/rm
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
User \f(CWoper\fR will be able to run \f(CW/usr/bin/kill\fR and \f(CW/bin/rm\fR
|
||||
as \fBroot\fR or \fBsysadm\fR on the machine, \f(CWbigserver\fR. The
|
||||
\fIrunas-list\fR is \*(L"sticky\*(R" across entries in the comma-separated
|
||||
\fIaccess_group\fR. You can override the \fIrunas-list\fR with another
|
||||
one, at which point the new \fIrunas-list\fR becomes the default for
|
||||
that \fIaccess_group\fR. For example, given:
|
||||
The definitions of what constitutes a valid \fIalias\fR member follow.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& oper bigserver = (root, sysadm) /usr/bin/kill, (root) /bin/rm, \e
|
||||
\& /bin/rmdir
|
||||
\& User_List ::= User |
|
||||
\& User ',' User_List
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
User \f(CWoper\fR can still run \f(CW/usr/bin/kill\fR as \fBroot\fR or \fBsysadm\fR but
|
||||
can only run \f(CW/bin/rm\fR and \f(CW/bin/rmdir\fR as \fBroot\fR.
|
||||
.Vb 5
|
||||
\& User ::= '!'* username |
|
||||
\& '!'* '#'uid |
|
||||
\& '!'* '%'group |
|
||||
\& '!'* '+'netgroup |
|
||||
\& '!'* User_Alias
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
A \f(CWUser_List\fR is made up of one or more usernames, uids
|
||||
(prefixed with \*(L'#'), System groups (prefixed with \*(L'%'),
|
||||
netgroups (prefixed with \*(L'+') and other aliases. Each list
|
||||
item may be prefixed with one or more \*(L'!\*(R' operators. An odd number
|
||||
of \*(L'!\*(R' operators negates the value of the item; an even number
|
||||
just cancel each other out.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Similarly, the \fB\s-1NOPASSWD\s0\fR modifier is also persistent across an
|
||||
\fIaccess_group\fR. For example given:
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& Runas_List ::= Runas_User |
|
||||
\& Runas_User ',' Runas_List
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 5
|
||||
\& Runas_User ::= '!'* username |
|
||||
\& '!'* '#'uid |
|
||||
\& '!'* '%'group |
|
||||
\& '!'* +netgroup |
|
||||
\& '!'* Runas_Alias
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
Likewise, a \f(CWRunas_List\fR has the same possible elements
|
||||
as a \f(CWUser_List\fR, except that it can include a \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR,
|
||||
instead of a \f(CWUser_Alias\fR.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& Host_List ::= Host |
|
||||
\& Host ',' Host_List
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 5
|
||||
\& Host ::= '!'* hostname |
|
||||
\& '!'* ip_addr |
|
||||
\& '!'* network(/netmask)? |
|
||||
\& '!'* '+'netgroup |
|
||||
\& '!'* Host_Alias
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
A \f(CWHost_List\fR is made up of one or more hostnames, \s-1IP\s0 addresses,
|
||||
network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with \*(L'+') and other aliases.
|
||||
Again, the value of an item may be negated with the \*(L'!\*(R' operator.
|
||||
If you do not specify a netmask with a network number, the netmask
|
||||
of the host's ethernet \fIinterface\fR\|(s) will be used when matching.
|
||||
The netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation (eg.
|
||||
255.255.255.0) or \s-1CIDR\s0 notation (number of bits, eg. 24).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
|
||||
\& Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 3
|
||||
\& commandname ::= filename |
|
||||
\& filename args |
|
||||
\& filename '""'
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 3
|
||||
\& Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname |
|
||||
\& '!'* directory |
|
||||
\& '!'* Cmnd_Alias
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
A \f(CWCmnd_List\fR is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other
|
||||
aliases. A commandname is a fully-qualified filename which may include
|
||||
shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards\*(R' section below). A simple
|
||||
filename allows the user to run the command with any arguments he/she
|
||||
wishes. However, you may also command line arguments (including wildcards).
|
||||
Alternately, you can specify \f(CW""\fR to indicate that the command
|
||||
may only be run \fBwithout\fR command line arguments. A directory is a
|
||||
fully qualified pathname ending in a \*(L'/\*(R'. When you specify a directory
|
||||
in a \f(CWCmnd_List\fR, the user will be able to run any file within that directory
|
||||
(but not in any subdirectories therein).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
If a \f(CWCmnd\fR has associated command line arguments, then the arguments
|
||||
in the \f(CWCmnd\fR must match exactly those given by the user on the command line
|
||||
(or match the wildcards if there are any). Note that the following
|
||||
characters must be escaped with a \*(L'\e\*(R' if they are used in command
|
||||
arguments: \*(L',\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L'=\*(R', \*(L'\e\e\*(R'.
|
||||
.Sh "User Specification"
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& oper bigserver = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/kill, /bin/rm, /bin/rmdir
|
||||
\& Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List ')'
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
User \f(CWoper\fR will be able to run \f(CW/usr/bin/kill\fR, \f(CW/bin/rm\fR, and
|
||||
\f(CW/bin/rmdir\fR as \fBroot\fR without a password. If we change that to:
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:')? Cmnd
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& User_Spec ::= User_list Cmnd_Spec_List (':' User_Spec)*
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
A \fBuser specification\fR determines which commands a user may run
|
||||
(and as what user) on specified hosts. By default, commands are
|
||||
run as \fBroot\fR but this can be changed on a per-command basis.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
|
||||
.Sh "Runas_Spec"
|
||||
A \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR is simply a \f(CWRunas_List\fR (as defined above)
|
||||
enclosed in a set of parentheses. If you do not specify a
|
||||
\f(CWRunas_Spec\fR in the user specification, a default \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR
|
||||
of \fBroot\fR will be used. A \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR sets the default for
|
||||
commands that follow it. What this means is that for the entry:
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& oper bigserver = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/rm, /bin/rmdir
|
||||
\& dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
User \f(CWoper\fR can still run \f(CW/usr/bin/kill\fR without a password but
|
||||
must give a password to run \f(CW/bin/rm\fR and \f(CW/bin/rmdir\fR.
|
||||
.Sh "wildcards (aka meta characters):"
|
||||
\fBsudo\fR allows shell-style \fIwildcards\fR along with command arguments
|
||||
in the \fIsudoers\fR file. Wildcard matching is done via the \fB\s-1POSIX\s0\fR
|
||||
\f(CWfnmatch(3)\fR routine.
|
||||
The user \fBdgb\fR may run \fI/bin/ls\fR, \fI/bin/kill\fR, and
|
||||
\fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR -- but only as \fBoperator\fR. Eg.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
It is also possible to override a \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR later on in an
|
||||
entry. If we modify the entry like so:
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
Then user \fBdgb\fR is now allowed to run \fI/bin/ls\fR as \fBoperator\fR,
|
||||
but \fI/bin/kill\fR and \fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as \fBroot\fR.
|
||||
.Sh "\s-1NOPASSWD\s0 and \s-1PASSWD\s0"
|
||||
By default, \fBsudo\fR requires that a user authenticate him or herself
|
||||
before running a command. This behavior can be modified via the
|
||||
\f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag. Like a \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR, the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag sets
|
||||
a default for the commands that follow it in the \f(CWCmnd_Spec_List\fR.
|
||||
Conversely, the \f(CWPASSWD\fR tag can be used to reverse things.
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
would allow the user \fBray\fR to run \fI/bin/kill\fR, \fI/bin/ls\fR, and
|
||||
\fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as root on the machine rushmore as \fBroot\fR without
|
||||
authenticating himself. If we only want \fBray\fR to be able to
|
||||
run \fI/bin/kill\fR without a password the entry would be:
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Sh "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"
|
||||
\fBsudo\fR allows shell-style \fIwildcards\fR to be used in pathnames
|
||||
as well as command line arguments in the \fIsudoers\fR file. Wildcard
|
||||
matching is done via the \fB\s-1POSIX\s0\fR \f(CWfnmatch(3)\fR routine. Note that
|
||||
these are \fInot\fR regular expressions.
|
||||
.Ip "\f(CW*\fR" 8
|
||||
Matches any set of zero or more characters.
|
||||
.Ip "\f(CW?\fR" 8
|
||||
@@ -319,180 +426,272 @@ Matches any character \fBnot\fR in the specified range.
|
||||
.Ip "\f(CW\ex\fR" 8
|
||||
For any character \*(L"x\*(R", evaluates to \*(L"x\*(R". This is used to
|
||||
escape special characters such as: \*(L"*\*(R", \*(L"?\*(R", \*(L"[\*(R", and \*(L"}\*(R".
|
||||
.Sh "exceptions to wildcard rules:"
|
||||
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
|
||||
.Ip "\f(CW""\fR" 8
|
||||
If the empty string \f(CW""\fR is the only command line argument in the
|
||||
\fIsudoers\fR entry it means that command may take \fBno\fR arguments.
|
||||
.Sh "other special characters and reserved words:"
|
||||
Text after a pound sign (\fB#\fR) is considered a comment.
|
||||
Words that begin with a percent sign (\fB%\fR) are assumed to
|
||||
be \s-1UN\s0*X groups (%staff refers to users in the group \fIstaff\fR).
|
||||
Words that begin with a plus sign (\fB+\fR) are assumed to
|
||||
be netgroups (\fB+cshosts\fR refers to the netgroup \fIcshosts\fR).
|
||||
Long lines can be newline escaped with the backslash \fB\e\fR character.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The reserved word \fB\s-1NOPASSWD\s0\fR indicates that a user need not
|
||||
enter a password for the command listed in that entry. The
|
||||
\fB\s-1NOPASSWD\s0\fR modifier is persistent across entries in a \fIuser-list\fR
|
||||
and can be reversed with the \fB\s-1PASSWD\s0\fR modifier.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The reserved alias \fI\s-1ALL\s0\fR can be used for both {Host,User,Cmnd}_Alias.
|
||||
\fB\s-1DO\s0 \s-1NOT\s0\fR define an alias of \fI\s-1ALL\s0\fR, it will \fB\s-1NOT\s0\fR be used.
|
||||
Note that \fI\s-1ALL\s0\fR implies the entire universe of hosts/users/commands.
|
||||
You can subtract elements from the universe by using the syntax:
|
||||
Note that a forward slash ('/') will \fBnot\fR be matched by
|
||||
wildcards used in the pathname. When matching the command
|
||||
line arguments, however, as slash \fBdoes\fR get matched by
|
||||
wildcards. This is to make a path like:
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& user host=ALL,!ALIAS1,!/sbin/halt...
|
||||
\& /usr/bin/*
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
Commands may have optional command line arguments. If they do,
|
||||
then the arguments in the \fIsudoers\fR file must exactly match those
|
||||
on the command line. It is also possible to have a command's
|
||||
arguments span multiple lines as long as the line continuance
|
||||
character \*(L"\e\*(R" is used. The following characters must be escaped
|
||||
with a \*(L"\e\*(R" if used in command arguments: \*(L",\*(R", \*(L":\*(R", \*(L"=\*(R", \*(L"\e\*(R".
|
||||
.SH "EXAMPLES"
|
||||
match \f(CW/usr/bin/who\fR but not \f(CW/usr/bin/X11/xterm\fR.
|
||||
.Sh "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"
|
||||
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
|
||||
.Ip \f(CW""\fR 8
|
||||
If the empty string \f(CW""\fR is the only command line argument in the
|
||||
\fIsudoers\fR entry it means that command is not allowed to be run
|
||||
with \fBany\fR arguments.
|
||||
.Sh "Other special characters and reserved words:"
|
||||
The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it
|
||||
occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by one or
|
||||
more digits, in which case it is treated as a uid). Both the
|
||||
comment character and any text after it, up to the end of the line,
|
||||
are ignored.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 7
|
||||
\& # Host alias specification
|
||||
\& Host_Alias HUB=houdini:\e
|
||||
\& REMOTE=merlin,kodiakthorn,spirit
|
||||
\& Host_Alias SERVERS=houdini,merlin,kodiakthorn,spirit
|
||||
\& Host_Alias CUNETS=128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
|
||||
\& Host_Alias CSNETS=128.138.243.0,128.138.204.0,\e
|
||||
\& 128.138.205.192
|
||||
The reserved word \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR is a a built in \fIalias\fR that always causes
|
||||
a match to succeed. It can be used wherever one might otherwise
|
||||
use a \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR, \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR, or \f(CWHost_Alias\fR.
|
||||
You should not try to define your own \fIalias\fR called \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR as the
|
||||
built in alias will be used in preference to your own.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
An exclamation point (\*(R'!') can be used as a logical \fInot\fR operator
|
||||
both in an \fIalias\fR and in front of a \f(CWCmnd\fR. This allows one to
|
||||
exclude certain values. Note, however, that using a \f(CW!\fR in
|
||||
conjunction with the built in \f(CWALL\fR alias to allow a user to
|
||||
run \*(L"all but a few\*(R" commands rarely works as intended (see \s-1SECURITY\s0
|
||||
\s-1NOTES\s0 below).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Long lines can be continued with a backslash (\*(R'\e\e') as the last
|
||||
character on the line.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Whitespace between elements in a list as well as specicial syntactic
|
||||
characters in a \fIUser Specification\fR ('=\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L'(\*(R', \*(L')') is optional.
|
||||
.SH "EXAMPLES"
|
||||
Below are example \fIsudoers\fR entries. Admittedly, some of
|
||||
these are a bit contrived. First, we define our \fIaliases\fR:
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 4
|
||||
\& # User alias specification
|
||||
\& User_Alias FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
|
||||
\& User_Alias PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl
|
||||
\& User_Alias WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 3
|
||||
\& # User alias specification
|
||||
\& User_Alias FULLTIME=millert,dowdy,mikef
|
||||
\& User_Alias PARTTIME=juola,mccreary,tor
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& # Runas alias specification
|
||||
\& Runas_Alias OP = root, operator
|
||||
\& Runas_Alias DB = oracle, sybase
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 6
|
||||
\& # Command alias specification
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias LPCS=/usr/sbin/lpc,/usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias SHELLS=/bin/sh,/bin/csh,/bin/tcsh,/bin/ksh
|
||||
.Vb 9
|
||||
\& # Host alias specification
|
||||
\& Host_Alias SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\e
|
||||
\& SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\e
|
||||
\& ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\e
|
||||
\& HPPA = boa, nag, python
|
||||
\& Host_Alias CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
|
||||
\& Host_Alias CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0
|
||||
\& Host_Alias SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns
|
||||
\& Host_Alias CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 12
|
||||
\& # Cmnd alias specification
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\e
|
||||
\& /usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias KILL = /usr/bin/kill
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias HALT = /usr/sbin/halt, /usr/sbin/fasthalt
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot, /usr/sbin/fastboot
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, \e
|
||||
\& /usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, \e
|
||||
\& /usr/local/bin/zsh
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su
|
||||
\& Cmnd_Alias MISC=/bin/rm,/bin/cat:\e
|
||||
\& SHUTDOWN=/sbin/halt,/sbin/shutdown
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Vb 14
|
||||
\& # User specification
|
||||
\& FULLTIME ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
\& %wheel ALL=ALL
|
||||
\& PARTTIME ALL=ALL,!SHELLS,!SU
|
||||
\& +interns +openlabs=ALL,!SHELLS,!SU
|
||||
\& britt REMOTE=SHUTDOWN:ALL=LPCS
|
||||
\& jimbo CUNETS=/usr/bin/su [!-]*,!/usr/bin/su *root*
|
||||
\& nieusma SERVERS=SHUTDOWN,/sbin/reboot:\e
|
||||
\& HUB=ALL,!SHELLS
|
||||
\& jill houdini=/sbin/shutdown -[hr] now,MISC
|
||||
\& markm HUB=ALL,!MISC,!/sbin/shutdown,!/sbin/halt
|
||||
\& davehieb merlin=(OP) ALL:SERVERS=/sbin/halt:\e
|
||||
\& kodiakthorn=NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
\& steve CSNETS=(operator) /usr/op_commands/
|
||||
The \fIUser specification\fR is the part that actually determines who may
|
||||
run what.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& root ALL = (ALL) ALL
|
||||
\& %wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.Sh "Host Alias specifications:"
|
||||
The are four \fIhost aliases\fR. The first actually contains
|
||||
two \fIaliases\fR. It sets \f(CWHUB\fR to be \f(CWhoudini\fR and \f(CWREMOTE\fR
|
||||
to the three machines \f(CWmerlin\fR, \f(CWkodiakthorn\fR and \f(CWspirit\fR.
|
||||
Similarly, \f(CWSERVERS\fR is set to the machines \f(CWhoudini\fR, \f(CWmerlin\fR,
|
||||
\f(CWkodiakthorn\fR and \f(CWspirit\fR. The \f(CWCSNETS\fR alias will match
|
||||
any host on the 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0, or 128.138.205.192
|
||||
nets. The \f(CWCUNETS\fR alias will match any host on the 128.138.0.0
|
||||
(class B) network. Note that these are \fBnetwork\fR addresses, not ip
|
||||
addresses. Unless an explicit netmask is given, the local \fInetmask\fR
|
||||
is used to determine whether or not the current host belongs to a network.
|
||||
.Sh "User Alias specifications:"
|
||||
The two \fIuser aliases\fR simply groups the \f(CWFULLTIME\fR and
|
||||
\f(CWPARTTIME\fR folks into two separate aliases.
|
||||
.Sh "Command alias specifications:"
|
||||
Command aliases are lists of commands with or without associated
|
||||
command line arguments. The entries above should be self-explanatory.
|
||||
.Sh "User specifications:"
|
||||
.Ip "\s-1FULLTIME\s0" 16
|
||||
Full-time sysadmins in the \f(CWFULLTIME\fR alias may run any
|
||||
command on any host as any user without a password.
|
||||
.Ip "%wheel" 16
|
||||
Any user in the \s-1UN\s0*X group \f(CWwheel\fR may run any
|
||||
command on any host.
|
||||
.Ip "\s-1PARTTIME\s0" 16
|
||||
Part-time sysadmins in the \f(CWPARTTIME\fR alias may run any
|
||||
command except those in the \f(CWSHELLS\fR and \f(CWSU\fR aliases
|
||||
on any host.
|
||||
.Ip "+interns" 16
|
||||
Any user in the netgroup \f(CWinterns\fR may run any
|
||||
command except those in the \f(CWSHELLS\fR and \f(CWSU\fR aliases
|
||||
on any host that is in the \f(CWopenlabs\fR netgroup.
|
||||
.Ip "britt" 16
|
||||
The user \f(CWbritt\fR may run commands in the \f(CWSHUTDOWN\fR alias
|
||||
on the \f(CWREMOTE\fR machines and commands in the \f(CWLPCS\fR alias
|
||||
on any machine.
|
||||
.Ip "jimbo" 16
|
||||
The user \f(CWjimbo\fR may \f(CWsu\fR to any user save root on the
|
||||
machines on \f(CWCUNETS\fR (which is explicitly listed as a class
|
||||
B network).
|
||||
.Ip "nieusma" 16
|
||||
The user \f(CWnieusma\fR may run commands in the \f(CWSHUTDOWN\fR alias
|
||||
as well as \fI/sbin/reboot\fR on the \f(CWSERVER\fR machines and
|
||||
any command except those in the \f(CWSHELLS\fR alias on the \f(CWHUB\fR
|
||||
machines.
|
||||
.Ip "jill" 16
|
||||
The user \f(CWjill\fR may run \f(CW/sbin/shutdown -h now\fR or
|
||||
\f(CW/sbin/shutdown -r now\fR as well as the commands in the
|
||||
\f(CWMISC\fR alias on houdini.
|
||||
.Ip "markm" 16
|
||||
The user \f(CWmarkm\fR may run any command on the \f(CWHUB\fR machines
|
||||
except \fI/sbin/shutdown\fR, \fI/sbin/halt\fR, and commands listed
|
||||
in the \f(CWMISC\fR alias.
|
||||
.Ip "davehieb" 16
|
||||
The user \f(CWdavehieb\fR may run any command on \f(CWmerlin\fR as any
|
||||
user in the Runas_Alias \s-1OP\s0 (ie: root or operator). He may
|
||||
also run \fI/sbin/halt\fR on the \f(CWSERVERS\fR and any command
|
||||
on \f(CWkodiakthorn\fR (no password required on \f(CWkodiakthorn\fR).
|
||||
.Ip "steve" 16
|
||||
The user \f(CWsteve\fR may run any command in the \fI/usr/op_commands/\fR
|
||||
directory as user \f(CWoperator\fR on the machines on \f(CWCSNETS\fR.
|
||||
We let \fBroot\fR and any user in group \fBwheel\fR run any command on any
|
||||
host as any user.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& FULLTIMERS ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
Full time sysadmins (\fBmillert\fR, \fBmikef\fR, and \fBdowdy\fR) may run any
|
||||
command on any host without authenticating themselves.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& PARTTIMERS ALL = ALL
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
Part time sysadmins (\fBbostley\fR, \fBjwfox\fR, and \fBcrawl\fR) may run any
|
||||
command on any host but they must authenticate themselves first
|
||||
(since the entry lacks the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& jack CSNETS = ALL
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
The user \fBjack\fR may run any command on the machines in the \fICSNETS\fR alias
|
||||
(the networks \f(CW128.138.243.0\fR, \f(CW128.138.204.0\fR, and \f(CW128.138.242.0\fR).
|
||||
Of those networks, only <128.138.204.0> has an explicit netmask (in
|
||||
CIDR notation) indicating it is a class C network. For the other
|
||||
networks in \fICSNETS\fR, the local machine's netmask will be used
|
||||
during matching.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& lisa CUNETS = ALL
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
The user \fBlisa\fR may run any command on any host in the \fICUNETS\fR alias
|
||||
(the class B network \f(CW128.138.0.0\fR).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\e
|
||||
\& /usr/oper/bin/
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
The \fBoperator\fR user may run commands limited to simple maintenance.
|
||||
Here, those are commands related to backups, killing processes, the
|
||||
printing system, shutting down the system, and any commands in the
|
||||
directory \fI/usr/oper/bin/\fR.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& joe ALL = /usr/bin/su operator
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
The user \fBjoe\fR may only \fIsu\fR\|(1) to operator.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& pete HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
The user \fBpete\fR is allowed to change anyone's password except for
|
||||
root on the \fIHPPA\fR machines. Note that this assumes \fIpasswd\fR\|(1)
|
||||
does not take multiple usernames on the command line.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
The user \fBbob\fR may run anything on the \fISPARC\fR and \fISGI\fR machines
|
||||
as any user listed in the \fIOP\fR \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR (\fBroot\fR and \fBoperator\fR).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& jim +biglab = ALL
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
The user \fBjim\fR may run any command on machines in the \fIbiglab\fR netgroup.
|
||||
\fBSudo\fR knows that \*(L"biglab\*(R" is a netgroup due to the \*(L'+\*(R' prefix.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& +secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
Users in the \fBsecretaries\fR netgroup need to help manage the printers
|
||||
as well as add and remove users, so they are allowed to run those
|
||||
commands on all machines.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
The user \fBfred\fR can run commands as any user in the \fIDB\fR \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR
|
||||
(\fBoracle\fR or \fBsybase\fR) without giving a password.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
On the \fIALPHA\fR machines, user \fBjohn\fR may su to anyone except root
|
||||
but he is not allowed to give \fIsu\fR\|(1) any flags.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
The user \fBjen\fR may run any command on any machine except for those
|
||||
in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR (master, mail, www and ns).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
For any machine in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR, \fBjill\fR may run
|
||||
any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands
|
||||
belonging to the \fISU\fR and \fISHELLS\fR \f(CWCmnd_Aliases\fR.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
The user \fBsteve\fR may run any command in the directory /usr/local/op_commands/
|
||||
but only as user operator.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& matt valkyrie = KILL
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
On his personal workstation, valkyrie, \fBmatt\fR needs to be able to
|
||||
kill hung processes.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
On the host www, any user in the \fIWEBMASTERS\fR \f(CWUser_Alias\fR (will,
|
||||
wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the
|
||||
web pages) or simply \fIsu\fR\|(1) to www.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& ALL CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\e
|
||||
\& /sbin/mount -o nosuid\e,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
Any user may mount or unmount a CD\-ROM on the machines in the CDROM
|
||||
\f(CWHost_Alias\fR (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.
|
||||
This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candiate
|
||||
for encapsulating in a shell script.
|
||||
.SH "SECURITY NOTES"
|
||||
It is generally not effective to \*(L"subtract\*(R" commands from \f(CWALL\fR
|
||||
using the \*(L'!\*(R' operator. A user can trivially circumvent this
|
||||
by copying the desired command to a different name and then
|
||||
executing that. For example:
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 1
|
||||
\& bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
Doesn't really prevent \fBbill\fR from running the commands listed in
|
||||
\fISU\fR or \fISHELLS\fR since he can simply copy those commands to a
|
||||
different name, or use a shell escape from an editor or other
|
||||
program. Therefore, these kind of restrictions should be considered
|
||||
advisory at best (and reinforced by policy).
|
||||
.SH "CAVEATS"
|
||||
The \fIsudoers\fR file should \fBalways\fR be edited by the \fBvisudo\fR
|
||||
command which locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is
|
||||
imperative that the \fIsudoers\fR be free of syntax errors since sudo
|
||||
imperative that \fIsudoers\fR be free of syntax errors since \fBsudo\fR
|
||||
will not run with a syntactically incorrect \fIsudoers\fR file.
|
||||
.SH "FILES"
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.Vb 2
|
||||
\& /etc/sudoers file of authorized users.
|
||||
\& /etc/netgroup list of network groups.
|
||||
.Vb 3
|
||||
\& /etc/sudoers List of who can run what
|
||||
\& /etc/group Local groups file
|
||||
\& /etc/netgroup List of network groups
|
||||
.Ve
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
\fIsudo\fR\|(8), \fIvisudo\fR\|(8), \fIsu\fR\|(1), \fIfnmatch\fR\|(3).
|
||||
|
||||
.rn }` ''
|
||||
.IX Title "sudoers 5"
|
||||
.IX Name "sudoers - list of which users may execute what as root"
|
||||
.IX Title "SUDOERS 5"
|
||||
.IX Name "sudoers - list of which users may execute what"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Header "NAME"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "user specification format:"
|
||||
.IX Subsection "Quick guide to \s-1EBNF\s0"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "host alias section format:"
|
||||
.IX Item "\f(CW?\fR"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "user alias section format:"
|
||||
.IX Item "\f(CW*\fR"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "runas alias section format:"
|
||||
.IX Item "\f(CW+\fR"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "command alias section format:"
|
||||
.IX Subsection "Aliases"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "command specification:"
|
||||
.IX Subsection "User Specification"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "persistence of modifiers"
|
||||
.IX Subsection "Runas_Spec"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "wildcards (aka meta characters):"
|
||||
.IX Subsection "\s-1NOPASSWD\s0 and \s-1PASSWD\s0"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "\f(CW*\fR"
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -504,43 +703,15 @@ will not run with a syntactically incorrect \fIsudoers\fR file.
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "\f(CW\ex\fR"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "exceptions to wildcard rules:"
|
||||
.IX Subsection "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "\f(CW""\fR"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "other special characters and reserved words:"
|
||||
.IX Subsection "Other special characters and reserved words:"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "Host Alias specifications:"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "User Alias specifications:"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "Command alias specifications:"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Subsection "User specifications:"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "\s-1FULLTIME\s0"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "%wheel"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "\s-1PARTTIME\s0"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "+interns"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "britt"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "jimbo"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "nieusma"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "jill"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "markm"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "davehieb"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Item "steve"
|
||||
.IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"
|
||||
|
||||
.IX Header "CAVEATS"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
569
sudoers.pod
569
sudoers.pod
@@ -1,116 +1,261 @@
|
||||
=cut
|
||||
Copyright (c) 1994-1996,1998-1999 Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
|
||||
All rights reserved.
|
||||
|
||||
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
||||
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
||||
are met:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
||||
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
||||
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
||||
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
|
||||
derived from this software without specific prior written permission
|
||||
from the author.
|
||||
|
||||
4. Products derived from this software may not be called "Sudo" nor
|
||||
may "Sudo" appear in their names without specific prior written
|
||||
permission from the author.
|
||||
|
||||
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
|
||||
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
|
||||
AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
|
||||
THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
|
||||
EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
|
||||
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
|
||||
OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
|
||||
WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
|
||||
OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
|
||||
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
|
||||
|
||||
$Sudo$
|
||||
=pod
|
||||
|
||||
=head1 NAME
|
||||
|
||||
sudoers - list of which users may execute what as root
|
||||
sudoers - list of which users may execute what
|
||||
|
||||
=head1 DESCRIPTION
|
||||
|
||||
The I<sudoers> file is composed of an optional host alias section,
|
||||
an optional command alias section and the user specification section.
|
||||
All command or host aliases need to start with their respective keywords
|
||||
(ie: Host_Alias, User_Alias, Runas_Alias or Cmnd_Alias).
|
||||
If there are multiple occurrences of a user, the logical union of the
|
||||
entries will be used. Note that if there is an entry that denies access
|
||||
to a command that is followed by an entry that grants access the user
|
||||
will be allowed to run the command.
|
||||
The I<sudoers> file is composed two types of entries:
|
||||
aliases (basically variables) and user specifications
|
||||
(which specify who may run what). The grammar of I<sudoers>
|
||||
will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF).
|
||||
Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is, it is fairly
|
||||
simple and the definitions below are annotated.
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 user specification format:
|
||||
=head2 Quick guide to EBNF
|
||||
|
||||
user access_group [: access_group] ...
|
||||
EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.
|
||||
Each EBNF definition is made up of I<production rules>. Eg.
|
||||
|
||||
access_group ::= host-list = [(runas-list)] [NOPASSWD:] [op]cmnd_type
|
||||
[,[(user-list)] [NOPASSWD|PASSWD:] [op]cmnd_type] ...
|
||||
cmnd_type ::= a command OR a command alias.
|
||||
op ::= the logical "!" NOT operator.
|
||||
symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 host alias section format:
|
||||
Each I<production rule> references others and thus makes up a
|
||||
grammar for the language. EBNF also contains the following
|
||||
operators, which many readers will recognize from regular
|
||||
expressions. Do not, however, confuse them with "wildcard"
|
||||
characters, which have different meanings.
|
||||
|
||||
Host_Alias HOSTALIAS = host-list
|
||||
=over 8
|
||||
|
||||
Host_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
HOSTALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
host-list ::= a comma separated list of hosts, netgroups,
|
||||
ip addresses, networks. A logical "!"
|
||||
NOT operator may be prefixed to any of these.
|
||||
=item C<?>
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 user alias section format:
|
||||
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.
|
||||
That is, it may appear once or not at all.
|
||||
|
||||
User_Alias USERALIAS = user-list
|
||||
=item C<*>
|
||||
|
||||
User_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
USERALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
user-list ::= a comma separated list of users, groups, netgroups.
|
||||
A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
|
||||
of these.
|
||||
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
|
||||
zero or more times.
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 runas alias section format:
|
||||
=item C<+>
|
||||
|
||||
Runas_Alias RUNASALIAS = runas-list
|
||||
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
|
||||
one or more times.
|
||||
|
||||
Runas_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
RUNASALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
runas-list ::= a comma separated list of users, groups, netgroups.
|
||||
A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
|
||||
of these.
|
||||
=back
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 command alias section format:
|
||||
Parentheses may be used to group symbols together. For clarity,
|
||||
we will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character
|
||||
string (as opposed to a symbol name).
|
||||
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias CMNDALIAS = cmnd-list
|
||||
=head2 Aliases
|
||||
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias ::= a keyword.
|
||||
CMNDALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name.
|
||||
cmnd-list ::= a comma separated list commands.
|
||||
A logical "!" NOT operator may be prefixed to any
|
||||
of these.
|
||||
There are four kinds of aliases: the C<User_Alias>, C<Runas_Alias>,
|
||||
C<Host_Alias> and C<Cmnd_Alias>.
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 command specification:
|
||||
Alias ::= User_Alias = User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
|
||||
Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
|
||||
Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*
|
||||
|
||||
path arg1 arg2 .. argn = command
|
||||
User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List
|
||||
|
||||
path ::= a fully qualified pathname.
|
||||
arg[1..n] ::= optional command line arguments.
|
||||
Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_User_List
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 persistence of modifiers
|
||||
Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
|
||||
|
||||
When a I<runas-list> is specified for an I<access_group>, it
|
||||
affects all commands in the I<access_group>. For example, given:
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List
|
||||
|
||||
oper bigserver = (root, sysadm) /usr/bin/kill, /bin/rm
|
||||
NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*
|
||||
|
||||
User C<oper> will be able to run C</usr/bin/kill> and C</bin/rm>
|
||||
as B<root> or B<sysadm> on the machine, C<bigserver>. The
|
||||
I<runas-list> is "sticky" across entries in the comma-separated
|
||||
I<access_group>. You can override the I<runas-list> with another
|
||||
one, at which point the new I<runas-list> becomes the default for
|
||||
that I<access_group>. For example, given:
|
||||
Each I<alias> definition is of the form
|
||||
|
||||
oper bigserver = (root, sysadm) /usr/bin/kill, (root) /bin/rm, \
|
||||
/bin/rmdir
|
||||
Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...
|
||||
|
||||
User C<oper> can still run C</usr/bin/kill> as B<root> or B<sysadm> but
|
||||
can only run C</bin/rm> and C</bin/rmdir> as B<root>.
|
||||
where I<Alias_Type> is one of C<User_Alias>, C<Runas_Alias>, C<Host_Alias>,
|
||||
or C<Cmnd_Alias>. A C<NAME> is a string of upper case letters, numbers,
|
||||
and the underscore characters ('_'). A C<NAME> B<must> start with an
|
||||
upper case letter. It is possible to put several alias definitions
|
||||
of the same type on a single line, joined by a semicolon (':'). Eg.
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, the B<NOPASSWD> modifier is also persistent across an
|
||||
I<access_group>. For example given:
|
||||
Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5
|
||||
|
||||
oper bigserver = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/kill, /bin/rm, /bin/rmdir
|
||||
The definitions of what constitutes a valid I<alias> member follow.
|
||||
|
||||
User C<oper> will be able to run C</usr/bin/kill>, C</bin/rm>, and
|
||||
C</bin/rmdir> as B<root> without a password. If we change that to:
|
||||
User_List ::= User |
|
||||
User ',' User_List
|
||||
|
||||
oper bigserver = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/rm, /bin/rmdir
|
||||
User ::= '!'* username |
|
||||
'!'* '#'uid |
|
||||
'!'* '%'group |
|
||||
'!'* '+'netgroup |
|
||||
'!'* User_Alias
|
||||
|
||||
User C<oper> can still run C</usr/bin/kill> without a password but
|
||||
must give a password to run C</bin/rm> and C</bin/rmdir>.
|
||||
A C<User_List> is made up of one or more usernames, uids
|
||||
(prefixed with '#'), System groups (prefixed with '%'),
|
||||
netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases. Each list
|
||||
item may be prefixed with one or more '!' operators. An odd number
|
||||
of '!' operators negates the value of the item; an even number
|
||||
just cancel each other out.
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 wildcards (aka meta characters):
|
||||
Runas_List ::= Runas_User |
|
||||
Runas_User ',' Runas_List
|
||||
|
||||
B<sudo> allows shell-style I<wildcards> along with command arguments
|
||||
in the I<sudoers> file. Wildcard matching is done via the B<POSIX>
|
||||
C<fnmatch(3)> routine.
|
||||
Runas_User ::= '!'* username |
|
||||
'!'* '#'uid |
|
||||
'!'* '%'group |
|
||||
'!'* +netgroup |
|
||||
'!'* Runas_Alias
|
||||
|
||||
Likewise, a C<Runas_List> has the same possible elements
|
||||
as a C<User_List>, except that it can include a C<Runas_Alias>,
|
||||
instead of a C<User_Alias>.
|
||||
|
||||
Host_List ::= Host |
|
||||
Host ',' Host_List
|
||||
|
||||
Host ::= '!'* hostname |
|
||||
'!'* ip_addr |
|
||||
'!'* network(/netmask)? |
|
||||
'!'* '+'netgroup |
|
||||
'!'* Host_Alias
|
||||
|
||||
A C<Host_List> is made up of one or more hostnames, IP addresses,
|
||||
network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases.
|
||||
Again, the value of an item may be negated with the '!' operator.
|
||||
If you do not specify a netmask with a network number, the netmask
|
||||
of the host's ethernet interface(s) will be used when matching.
|
||||
The netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation (eg.
|
||||
255.255.255.0) or CIDR notation (number of bits, eg. 24).
|
||||
|
||||
Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
|
||||
Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List
|
||||
|
||||
commandname ::= filename |
|
||||
filename args |
|
||||
filename '""'
|
||||
|
||||
Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname |
|
||||
'!'* directory |
|
||||
'!'* Cmnd_Alias
|
||||
|
||||
A C<Cmnd_List> is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other
|
||||
aliases. A commandname is a fully-qualified filename which may include
|
||||
shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards' section below). A simple
|
||||
filename allows the user to run the command with any arguments he/she
|
||||
wishes. However, you may also command line arguments (including wildcards).
|
||||
Alternately, you can specify C<""> to indicate that the command
|
||||
may only be run B<without> command line arguments. A directory is a
|
||||
fully qualified pathname ending in a '/'. When you specify a directory
|
||||
in a C<Cmnd_List>, the user will be able to run any file within that directory
|
||||
(but not in any subdirectories therein).
|
||||
|
||||
If a C<Cmnd> has associated command line arguments, then the arguments
|
||||
in the C<Cmnd> must match exactly those given by the user on the command line
|
||||
(or match the wildcards if there are any). Note that the following
|
||||
characters must be escaped with a '\' if they are used in command
|
||||
arguments: ',', ':', '=', '\\'.
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 User Specification
|
||||
|
||||
Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List ')'
|
||||
|
||||
Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:')? Cmnd
|
||||
|
||||
Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
|
||||
Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List
|
||||
|
||||
User_Spec ::= User_list Cmnd_Spec_List (':' User_Spec)*
|
||||
|
||||
A B<user specification> determines which commands a user may run
|
||||
(and as what user) on specified hosts. By default, commands are
|
||||
run as B<root> but this can be changed on a per-command basis.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 Runas_Spec
|
||||
|
||||
A C<Runas_Spec> is simply a C<Runas_List> (as defined above)
|
||||
enclosed in a set of parentheses. If you do not specify a
|
||||
C<Runas_Spec> in the user specification, a default C<Runas_Spec>
|
||||
of B<root> will be used. A C<Runas_Spec> sets the default for
|
||||
commands that follow it. What this means is that for the entry:
|
||||
|
||||
dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who
|
||||
|
||||
The user B<dgb> may run F</bin/ls>, F</bin/kill>, and
|
||||
F</usr/bin/lprm> -- but only as B<operator>. Eg.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
|
||||
|
||||
It is also possible to override a C<Runas_Spec> later on in an
|
||||
entry. If we modify the entry like so:
|
||||
|
||||
dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
|
||||
Then user B<dgb> is now allowed to run F</bin/ls> as B<operator>,
|
||||
but F</bin/kill> and F</usr/bin/lprm> as B<root>.
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 NOPASSWD and PASSWD
|
||||
|
||||
By default, B<sudo> requires that a user authenticate him or herself
|
||||
before running a command. This behavior can be modified via the
|
||||
C<NOPASSWD> tag. Like a C<Runas_Spec>, the C<NOPASSWD> tag sets
|
||||
a default for the commands that follow it in the C<Cmnd_Spec_List>.
|
||||
Conversely, the C<PASSWD> tag can be used to reverse things.
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
|
||||
ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
|
||||
would allow the user B<ray> to run F</bin/kill>, F</bin/ls>, and
|
||||
F</usr/bin/lprm> as root on the machine rushmore as B<root> without
|
||||
authenticating himself. If we only want B<ray> to be able to
|
||||
run F</bin/kill> without a password the entry would be:
|
||||
|
||||
ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 Wildcards (aka meta characters):
|
||||
|
||||
B<sudo> allows shell-style I<wildcards> to be used in pathnames
|
||||
as well as command line arguments in the I<sudoers> file. Wildcard
|
||||
matching is done via the B<POSIX> C<fnmatch(3)> routine. Note that
|
||||
these are I<not> regular expressions.
|
||||
|
||||
=over 8
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -137,7 +282,16 @@ escape special characters such as: "*", "?", "[", and "}".
|
||||
|
||||
=back
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 exceptions to wildcard rules:
|
||||
Note that a forward slash ('/') will B<not> be matched by
|
||||
wildcards used in the pathname. When matching the command
|
||||
line arguments, however, as slash B<does> get matched by
|
||||
wildcards. This is to make a path like:
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/bin/*
|
||||
|
||||
match C</usr/bin/who> but not C</usr/bin/X11/xterm>.
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 Exceptions to wildcard rules:
|
||||
|
||||
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -146,182 +300,215 @@ The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
|
||||
=item C<"">
|
||||
|
||||
If the empty string C<""> is the only command line argument in the
|
||||
I<sudoers> entry it means that command may take B<no> arguments.
|
||||
I<sudoers> entry it means that command is not allowed to be run
|
||||
with B<any> arguments.
|
||||
|
||||
=back
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 other special characters and reserved words:
|
||||
=head2 Other special characters and reserved words:
|
||||
|
||||
Text after a pound sign (B<#>) is considered a comment.
|
||||
Words that begin with a percent sign (B<%>) are assumed to
|
||||
be UN*X groups (%staff refers to users in the group I<staff>).
|
||||
Words that begin with a plus sign (B<+>) are assumed to
|
||||
be netgroups (B<+cshosts> refers to the netgroup I<cshosts>).
|
||||
Long lines can be newline escaped with the backslash B<\> character.
|
||||
The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it
|
||||
occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by one or
|
||||
more digits, in which case it is treated as a uid). Both the
|
||||
comment character and any text after it, up to the end of the line,
|
||||
are ignored.
|
||||
|
||||
The reserved word B<NOPASSWD> indicates that a user need not
|
||||
enter a password for the command listed in that entry. The
|
||||
B<NOPASSWD> modifier is persistent across entries in a I<user-list>
|
||||
and can be reversed with the B<PASSWD> modifier.
|
||||
The reserved word B<ALL> is a a built in I<alias> that always causes
|
||||
a match to succeed. It can be used wherever one might otherwise
|
||||
use a C<Cmnd_Alias>, C<User_Alias>, C<Runas_Alias>, or C<Host_Alias>.
|
||||
You should not try to define your own I<alias> called B<ALL> as the
|
||||
built in alias will be used in preference to your own.
|
||||
|
||||
The reserved alias I<ALL> can be used for both {Host,User,Cmnd}_Alias.
|
||||
B<DO NOT> define an alias of I<ALL>, it will B<NOT> be used.
|
||||
Note that I<ALL> implies the entire universe of hosts/users/commands.
|
||||
You can subtract elements from the universe by using the syntax:
|
||||
An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical I<not> operator
|
||||
both in an I<alias> and in front of a C<Cmnd>. This allows one to
|
||||
exclude certain values. Note, however, that using a C<!> in
|
||||
conjunction with the built in C<ALL> alias to allow a user to
|
||||
run "all but a few" commands rarely works as intended (see SECURITY
|
||||
NOTES below).
|
||||
|
||||
user host=ALL,!ALIAS1,!/sbin/halt...
|
||||
Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\\') as the last
|
||||
character on the line.
|
||||
|
||||
Commands may have optional command line arguments. If they do,
|
||||
then the arguments in the I<sudoers> file must exactly match those
|
||||
on the command line. It is also possible to have a command's
|
||||
arguments span multiple lines as long as the line continuance
|
||||
character "\" is used. The following characters must be escaped
|
||||
with a "\" if used in command arguments: ",", ":", "=", "\".
|
||||
Whitespace between elements in a list as well as specicial syntactic
|
||||
characters in a I<User Specification> ('=', ':', '(', ')') is optional.
|
||||
|
||||
=head1 EXAMPLES
|
||||
|
||||
# Host alias specification
|
||||
Host_Alias HUB=houdini:\
|
||||
REMOTE=merlin,kodiakthorn,spirit
|
||||
Host_Alias SERVERS=houdini,merlin,kodiakthorn,spirit
|
||||
Host_Alias CUNETS=128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
|
||||
Host_Alias CSNETS=128.138.243.0,128.138.204.0,\
|
||||
128.138.205.192
|
||||
Below are example I<sudoers> entries. Admittedly, some of
|
||||
these are a bit contrived. First, we define our I<aliases>:
|
||||
|
||||
# User alias specification
|
||||
User_Alias FULLTIME=millert,dowdy,mikef
|
||||
User_Alias PARTTIME=juola,mccreary,tor
|
||||
User_Alias FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
|
||||
User_Alias PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl
|
||||
User_Alias WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim
|
||||
|
||||
# Runas alias specification
|
||||
Runas_Alias OP = root, operator
|
||||
Runas_Alias DB = oracle, sybase
|
||||
|
||||
# Command alias specification
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias LPCS=/usr/sbin/lpc,/usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SHELLS=/bin/sh,/bin/csh,/bin/tcsh,/bin/ksh
|
||||
# Host alias specification
|
||||
Host_Alias SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\
|
||||
SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\
|
||||
ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\
|
||||
HPPA = boa, nag, python
|
||||
Host_Alias CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
|
||||
Host_Alias CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0
|
||||
Host_Alias SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns
|
||||
Host_Alias CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules
|
||||
|
||||
# Cmnd alias specification
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\
|
||||
/usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias KILL = /usr/bin/kill
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias HALT = /usr/sbin/halt, /usr/sbin/fasthalt
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot, /usr/sbin/fastboot
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, \
|
||||
/usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, \
|
||||
/usr/local/bin/zsh
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias MISC=/bin/rm,/bin/cat:\
|
||||
SHUTDOWN=/sbin/halt,/sbin/shutdown
|
||||
|
||||
# User specification
|
||||
FULLTIME ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
%wheel ALL=ALL
|
||||
PARTTIME ALL=ALL,!SHELLS,!SU
|
||||
+interns +openlabs=ALL,!SHELLS,!SU
|
||||
britt REMOTE=SHUTDOWN:ALL=LPCS
|
||||
jimbo CUNETS=/usr/bin/su [!-]*,!/usr/bin/su *root*
|
||||
nieusma SERVERS=SHUTDOWN,/sbin/reboot:\
|
||||
HUB=ALL,!SHELLS
|
||||
jill houdini=/sbin/shutdown -[hr] now,MISC
|
||||
markm HUB=ALL,!MISC,!/sbin/shutdown,!/sbin/halt
|
||||
davehieb merlin=(OP) ALL:SERVERS=/sbin/halt:\
|
||||
kodiakthorn=NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
steve CSNETS=(operator) /usr/op_commands/
|
||||
The I<User specification> is the part that actually determines who may
|
||||
run what.
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 Host Alias specifications:
|
||||
root ALL = (ALL) ALL
|
||||
%wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The are four I<host aliases>. The first actually contains
|
||||
two I<aliases>. It sets C<HUB> to be C<houdini> and C<REMOTE>
|
||||
to the three machines C<merlin>, C<kodiakthorn> and C<spirit>.
|
||||
Similarly, C<SERVERS> is set to the machines C<houdini>, C<merlin>,
|
||||
C<kodiakthorn> and C<spirit>. The C<CSNETS> alias will match
|
||||
any host on the 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0, or 128.138.205.192
|
||||
nets. The C<CUNETS> alias will match any host on the 128.138.0.0
|
||||
(class B) network. Note that these are B<network> addresses, not ip
|
||||
addresses. Unless an explicit netmask is given, the local I<netmask>
|
||||
is used to determine whether or not the current host belongs to a network.
|
||||
We let B<root> and any user in group B<wheel> run any command on any
|
||||
host as any user.
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 User Alias specifications:
|
||||
FULLTIMERS ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The two I<user aliases> simply groups the C<FULLTIME> and
|
||||
C<PARTTIME> folks into two separate aliases.
|
||||
Full time sysadmins (B<millert>, B<mikef>, and B<dowdy>) may run any
|
||||
command on any host without authenticating themselves.
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 Command alias specifications:
|
||||
PARTTIMERS ALL = ALL
|
||||
|
||||
Command aliases are lists of commands with or without associated
|
||||
command line arguments. The entries above should be self-explanatory.
|
||||
Part time sysadmins (B<bostley>, B<jwfox>, and B<crawl>) may run any
|
||||
command on any host but they must authenticate themselves first
|
||||
(since the entry lacks the C<NOPASSWD> tag).
|
||||
|
||||
=head2 User specifications:
|
||||
jack CSNETS = ALL
|
||||
|
||||
=over 16
|
||||
The user B<jack> may run any command on the machines in the I<CSNETS> alias
|
||||
(the networks C<128.138.243.0>, C<128.138.204.0>, and C<128.138.242.0>).
|
||||
Of those networks, only <128.138.204.0> has an explicit netmask (in
|
||||
CIDR notation) indicating it is a class C network. For the other
|
||||
networks in I<CSNETS>, the local machine's netmask will be used
|
||||
during matching.
|
||||
|
||||
=item FULLTIME
|
||||
lisa CUNETS = ALL
|
||||
|
||||
Full-time sysadmins in the C<FULLTIME> alias may run any
|
||||
command on any host as any user without a password.
|
||||
The user B<lisa> may run any command on any host in the I<CUNETS> alias
|
||||
(the class B network C<128.138.0.0>).
|
||||
|
||||
=item %wheel
|
||||
operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\
|
||||
/usr/oper/bin/
|
||||
|
||||
Any user in the UN*X group C<wheel> may run any
|
||||
command on any host.
|
||||
The B<operator> user may run commands limited to simple maintenance.
|
||||
Here, those are commands related to backups, killing processes, the
|
||||
printing system, shutting down the system, and any commands in the
|
||||
directory F</usr/oper/bin/>.
|
||||
|
||||
=item PARTTIME
|
||||
joe ALL = /usr/bin/su operator
|
||||
|
||||
Part-time sysadmins in the C<PARTTIME> alias may run any
|
||||
command except those in the C<SHELLS> and C<SU> aliases
|
||||
on any host.
|
||||
The user B<joe> may only su(1) to operator.
|
||||
|
||||
=item +interns
|
||||
pete HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
|
||||
|
||||
Any user in the netgroup C<interns> may run any
|
||||
command except those in the C<SHELLS> and C<SU> aliases
|
||||
on any host that is in the C<openlabs> netgroup.
|
||||
The user B<pete> is allowed to change anyone's password except for
|
||||
root on the I<HPPA> machines. Note that this assumes passwd(1)
|
||||
does not take multiple usernames on the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
=item britt
|
||||
bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The user C<britt> may run commands in the C<SHUTDOWN> alias
|
||||
on the C<REMOTE> machines and commands in the C<LPCS> alias
|
||||
on any machine.
|
||||
The user B<bob> may run anything on the I<SPARC> and I<SGI> machines
|
||||
as any user listed in the I<OP> C<Runas_Alias> (B<root> and B<operator>).
|
||||
|
||||
=item jimbo
|
||||
jim +biglab = ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The user C<jimbo> may C<su> to any user save root on the
|
||||
machines on C<CUNETS> (which is explicitly listed as a class
|
||||
B network).
|
||||
The user B<jim> may run any command on machines in the I<biglab> netgroup.
|
||||
B<Sudo> knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to the '+' prefix.
|
||||
|
||||
=item nieusma
|
||||
+secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
|
||||
|
||||
The user C<nieusma> may run commands in the C<SHUTDOWN> alias
|
||||
as well as F</sbin/reboot> on the C<SERVER> machines and
|
||||
any command except those in the C<SHELLS> alias on the C<HUB>
|
||||
machines.
|
||||
Users in the B<secretaries> netgroup need to help manage the printers
|
||||
as well as add and remove users, so they are allowed to run those
|
||||
commands on all machines.
|
||||
|
||||
=item jill
|
||||
fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The user C<jill> may run C</sbin/shutdown -h now> or
|
||||
C</sbin/shutdown -r now> as well as the commands in the
|
||||
C<MISC> alias on houdini.
|
||||
The user B<fred> can run commands as any user in the I<DB> C<Runas_Alias>
|
||||
(B<oracle> or B<sybase>) without giving a password.
|
||||
|
||||
=item markm
|
||||
john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
|
||||
|
||||
The user C<markm> may run any command on the C<HUB> machines
|
||||
except F</sbin/shutdown>, F</sbin/halt>, and commands listed
|
||||
in the C<MISC> alias.
|
||||
On the I<ALPHA> machines, user B<john> may su to anyone except root
|
||||
but he is not allowed to give su(1) any flags.
|
||||
|
||||
=item davehieb
|
||||
jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
|
||||
|
||||
The user C<davehieb> may run any command on C<merlin> as any
|
||||
user in the Runas_Alias OP (ie: root or operator). He may
|
||||
also run F</sbin/halt> on the C<SERVERS> and any command
|
||||
on C<kodiakthorn> (no password required on C<kodiakthorn>).
|
||||
The user B<jen> may run any command on any machine except for those
|
||||
in the I<SERVERS> C<Host_Alias> (master, mail, www and ns).
|
||||
|
||||
=item steve
|
||||
jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
|
||||
|
||||
The user C<steve> may run any command in the F</usr/op_commands/>
|
||||
directory as user C<operator> on the machines on C<CSNETS>.
|
||||
For any machine in the I<SERVERS> C<Host_Alias>, B<jill> may run
|
||||
any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands
|
||||
belonging to the I<SU> and I<SHELLS> C<Cmnd_Aliases>.
|
||||
|
||||
=back
|
||||
steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
|
||||
|
||||
The user B<steve> may run any command in the directory /usr/local/op_commands/
|
||||
but only as user operator.
|
||||
|
||||
matt valkyrie = KILL
|
||||
|
||||
On his personal workstation, valkyrie, B<matt> needs to be able to
|
||||
kill hung processes.
|
||||
|
||||
WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
|
||||
|
||||
On the host www, any user in the I<WEBMASTERS> C<User_Alias> (will,
|
||||
wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the
|
||||
web pages) or simply su(1) to www.
|
||||
|
||||
ALL CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\
|
||||
/sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
|
||||
|
||||
Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in the CDROM
|
||||
C<Host_Alias> (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.
|
||||
This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candiate
|
||||
for encapsulating in a shell script.
|
||||
|
||||
=head1 SECURITY NOTES
|
||||
|
||||
It is generally not effective to "subtract" commands from C<ALL>
|
||||
using the '!' operator. A user can trivially circumvent this
|
||||
by copying the desired command to a different name and then
|
||||
executing that. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
|
||||
|
||||
Doesn't really prevent B<bill> from running the commands listed in
|
||||
I<SU> or I<SHELLS> since he can simply copy those commands to a
|
||||
different name, or use a shell escape from an editor or other
|
||||
program. Therefore, these kind of restrictions should be considered
|
||||
advisory at best (and reinforced by policy).
|
||||
|
||||
=head1 CAVEATS
|
||||
|
||||
The I<sudoers> file should B<always> be edited by the B<visudo>
|
||||
command which locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is
|
||||
imperative that the I<sudoers> be free of syntax errors since sudo
|
||||
imperative that I<sudoers> be free of syntax errors since B<sudo>
|
||||
will not run with a syntactically incorrect I<sudoers> file.
|
||||
|
||||
=head1 FILES
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/sudoers file of authorized users.
|
||||
/etc/netgroup list of network groups.
|
||||
/etc/sudoers List of who can run what
|
||||
/etc/group Local groups file
|
||||
/etc/netgroup List of network groups
|
||||
|
||||
=head1 SEE ALSO
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user