266 lines
13 KiB
XML
266 lines
13 KiB
XML
<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"
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[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] >
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<chapter id='using-the-command-line'>
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<title>Using the Command Line</title>
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<para>
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Recall that earlier the manual discussed how to use an existing toolchain
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tarball that had been installed into the default installation
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directory, <filename>/opt/poky/&DISTRO;</filename>, which is outside of the
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<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_DEV_URL;#build-directory'>Build Directory</ulink>
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(see the section "<link linkend='using-an-existing-toolchain-tarball'>Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball)</link>".
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And, that sourcing your architecture-specific environment setup script
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initializes a suitable cross-toolchain development environment.
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</para>
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<para>
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During this setup, locations for the compiler, QEMU scripts, QEMU binary,
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a special version of <filename>pkgconfig</filename> and other useful
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utilities are added to the <filename>PATH</filename> variable.
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Also, variables to assist
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<filename>pkgconfig</filename> and <filename>autotools</filename>
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are also defined so that, for example, <filename>configure.sh</filename>
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can find pre-generated test results for tests that need target hardware
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on which to run.
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You can see the
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"<link linkend='setting-up-the-cross-development-environment'>Setting Up the Cross-Development Environment</link>"
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section for the list of cross-toolchain environment variables
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established by the script.
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</para>
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<para>
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Collectively, these conditions allow you to easily use the toolchain
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outside of the OpenEmbedded build environment on both Autotools-based
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projects and Makefile-based projects.
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This chapter provides information for both these types of projects.
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</para>
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<section id='autotools-based-projects'>
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<title>Autotools-Based Projects</title>
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<para>
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Once you have a suitable cross-toolchain installed, it is very easy to
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develop a project outside of the OpenEmbedded build system.
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This section presents a simple "Helloworld" example that shows how
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to set up, compile, and run the project.
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</para>
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<section id='creating-and-running-a-project-based-on-gnu-autotools'>
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<title>Creating and Running a Project Based on GNU Autotools</title>
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<para>
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Follow these steps to create a simple Autotools-based project:
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Create your directory:</emphasis>
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Create a clean directory for your project and then make
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that directory your working location:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ mkdir $HOME/helloworld
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$ cd $HOME/helloworld
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Populate the directory:</emphasis>
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Create <filename>hello.c</filename>, <filename>Makefile.am</filename>,
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and <filename>configure.in</filename> files as follows:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>For <filename>hello.c</filename>, include
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these lines:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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#include <stdio.h>
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main()
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{
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printf("Hello World!\n");
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}
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>For <filename>Makefile.am</filename>,
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include these lines:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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bin_PROGRAMS = hello
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hello_SOURCES = hello.c
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>For <filename>configure.in</filename>,
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include these lines:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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AC_INIT(hello.c)
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AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(hello,0.1)
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AC_PROG_CC
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AC_PROG_INSTALL
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AC_OUTPUT(Makefile)
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Source the cross-toolchain
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environment setup file:</emphasis>
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Installation of the cross-toolchain creates a cross-toolchain
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environment setup script in the directory that the ADT
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was installed.
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Before you can use the tools to develop your project, you must
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source this setup script.
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The script begins with the string "environment-setup" and contains
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the machine architecture, which is followed by the string
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"poky-linux".
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Here is an example that sources a script from the
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default ADT installation directory that uses the
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32-bit Intel x86 Architecture and the
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&DISTRO_NAME; Yocto Project release:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ source /opt/poky/&DISTRO;/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Generate the local aclocal.m4
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files and create the configure script:</emphasis>
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The following GNU Autotools generate the local
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<filename>aclocal.m4</filename> files and create the
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configure script:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ aclocal
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$ autoconf
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Generate files needed by GNU
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coding standards:</emphasis>
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GNU coding standards require certain files in order for the
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project to be compliant.
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This command creates those files:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ touch NEWS README AUTHORS ChangeLog
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Generate the configure
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file:</emphasis>
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This command generates the <filename>configure</filename>:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ automake -a
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Cross-compile the project:</emphasis>
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This command compiles the project using the cross-compiler.
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The
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<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-CONFIGURE_FLAGS'><filename>CONFIGURE_FLAGS</filename></ulink>
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environment variable provides the minimal arguments for
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GNU configure:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ ./configure ${CONFIGURE_FLAGS}
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Make and install the project:</emphasis>
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These two commands generate and install the project into the
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destination directory:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ make
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$ make install DESTDIR=./tmp
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Verify the installation:</emphasis>
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This command is a simple way to verify the installation
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of your project.
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Running the command prints the architecture on which
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the binary file can run.
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This architecture should be the same architecture that
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the installed cross-toolchain supports.
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ file ./tmp/usr/local/bin/hello
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</literallayout></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Execute your project:</emphasis>
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To execute the project in the shell, simply enter the name.
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You could also copy the binary to the actual target hardware
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and run the project there as well:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ ./hello
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</literallayout>
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As expected, the project displays the "Hello World!" message.
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</para></listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</para>
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</section>
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<section id='passing-host-options'>
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<title>Passing Host Options</title>
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<para>
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For an Autotools-based project, you can use the cross-toolchain by just
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passing the appropriate host option to <filename>configure.sh</filename>.
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The host option you use is derived from the name of the environment setup
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script found in the directory in which you installed the cross-toolchain.
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For example, the host option for an ARM-based target that uses the GNU EABI
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is <filename>armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi</filename>.
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You will notice that the name of the script is
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<filename>environment-setup-armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi</filename>.
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Thus, the following command works to update your project and
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rebuild it using the appropriate cross-toolchain tools:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ ./configure --host=armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi \
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--with-libtool-sysroot=<replaceable>sysroot_dir</replaceable>
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</literallayout>
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<note>
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If the <filename>configure</filename> script results in problems recognizing the
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<filename>--with-libtool-sysroot=</filename><replaceable>sysroot-dir</replaceable> option,
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regenerate the script to enable the support by doing the following and then
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run the script again:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ libtoolize --automake
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$ aclocal -I ${OECORE_NATIVE_SYSROOT}/usr/share/aclocal \
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[-I <replaceable>dir_containing_your_project-specific_m4_macros</replaceable>]
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$ autoconf
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$ autoheader
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$ automake -a
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</literallayout>
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</note>
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</para>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id='makefile-based-projects'>
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<title>Makefile-Based Projects</title>
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<para>
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For Makefile-based projects, the cross-toolchain environment variables
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established by running the cross-toolchain environment setup script
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are subject to general <filename>make</filename> rules.
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</para>
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<para>
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To illustrate this, consider the following four cross-toolchain
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environment variables:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-CC'>CC</ulink>=i586-poky-linux-gcc -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/1.8/sysroots/i586-poky-linux
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<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-LD'>LD</ulink>=i586-poky-linux-ld --sysroot=/opt/poky/1.8/sysroots/i586-poky-linux
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<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-CFLAGS'>CFLAGS</ulink>=-O2 -pipe -g -feliminate-unused-debug-types
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<ulink url='&YOCTO_DOCS_REF_URL;#var-CXXFLAGS'>CXXFLAGS</ulink>=-O2 -pipe -g -feliminate-unused-debug-types
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</literallayout>
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Now, consider the following three cases:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Case 1 - No Variables Set in the <filename>Makefile</filename>:</emphasis>
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Because these variables are not specifically set in the
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<filename>Makefile</filename>, the variables retain their
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values based on the environment.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Case 2 - Variables Set in the <filename>Makefile</filename>:</emphasis>
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Specifically setting variables in the
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<filename>Makefile</filename> during the build results in the
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environment settings of the variables being overwritten.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Case 3 - Variables Set when the <filename>Makefile</filename> is Executed from the Command Line:</emphasis>
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Executing the <filename>Makefile</filename> from the command
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line results in the variables being overwritten with
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command-line content regardless of what is being set in the
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<filename>Makefile</filename>.
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In this case, environment variables are not considered unless
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you use the "-e" flag during the build:
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<literallayout class='monospaced'>
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$ make -e <replaceable>file</replaceable>
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</literallayout>
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If you use this flag, then the environment values of the
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variables override any variables specifically set in the
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<filename>Makefile</filename>.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<note>
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For the list of variables set up by the cross-toolchain environment
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setup script, see the
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"<link linkend='setting-up-the-cross-development-environment'>Setting Up the Cross-Development Environment</link>"
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section.
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</note>
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</para>
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</section>
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</chapter>
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<!--
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vim: expandtab tw=80 ts=4
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-->
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